AP English Language Practice Test (Section 1)

Questions 1–11 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the book “The Enchanted April” by Elizabeth Von Arnim.

It began in a Woman’s Club in London on a February afternoon—an uncomfortable club, and a miserable afternoon—when Mrs. Wilkins, who had come down from Hampstead to shop and had lunched at her club, took up The Times from the table in the smoking-room, and running her listless eye down the Agony Column saw this:

(5) To Those who Appreciate Wistaria and Sunshine. Small mediaeval Italian Castle on the shores of the Mediterranean to be Let Furnished for the month of April. Necessary servants remain. Z, Box 1000, The Times.

That was its conception; yet, as in the case of many another, the conceiver was unaware of it at the moment.

(10) So entirely unaware was Mrs. Wilkins that her April for that year had then and there been settled for her that she dropped the newspaper with a gesture that was both irritated and resigned, and went over to the window and stared drearily out at the dripping street.

Not for her were mediaeval castles, even those that are specially described as small. Not for her the shores in April of the Mediterranean, and the wistaria and sunshine. Such delights were only (15) for the rich. Yet the advertisement had been addressed to persons who appreciate these things, so that it had been, anyhow, addressed too to her, for she certainly appreciated them; more than anybody knew; more than she had ever told. But she was poor. In the whole world she possessed of her very own only ninety pounds, saved from year to year, put by carefully pound by pound, out of her dress allowance. She had scraped this sum together at the suggestion of her husband as (20) a shield and refuge against a rainy day. Her dress allowance, given her by her father, was £100 a year, so that Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes were what her husband, urging her to save, called modest and becoming, and her acquaintance to each other, when they spoke of her at all, which was seldom for she was very negligible, called a perfect sight.

Mr. Wilkins, a solicitor, encouraged thrift, except that branch of it which got into his food. He did (25) not call that thrift, he called it bad housekeeping. But for the thrift which, like moth, penetrated into Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes and spoilt them, he had much praise. “You never know,” he said, “when there will be a rainy day, and you may be very glad to find you have a nest-egg. Indeed we both may.”

Looking out of the club window into Shaftesbury Avenue—hers was an economical club, but (30) convenient for Hampstead, where she lived, and for Shoolbred’s, where she shopped—Mrs. Wilkins, having stood there some time very drearily, her mind’s eye on the Mediterranean in April, and the wistaria, and the enviable opportunities of the rich, while her bodily eye watched the really extremely horrible sooty rain falling steadily on the hurrying umbrellas and splashing omnibuses, suddenly wondered whether perhaps this was not the rainy day Mellersh—Mellersh was Mr. (35) Wilkins—had so often encouraged her to prepare for, and whether to get out of such a climate and into the small mediaeval castle wasn’t perhaps what Providence had all along intended her to do with her savings. Part of her savings, of course; perhaps quite a small part. The castle, being mediaeval, might also be dilapidated, and dilapidations were surely cheap. She wouldn’t in the least mind a few of them, because you didn’t pay for dilapidations which were already there; on (40) the contrary—by reducing the price you had to pay they really paid you. But what nonsense to think of it . . .

She turned away from the window with the same gesture of mingled irritation and resignation with which she had laid down The Times, and crossed the room towards the door with the intention of getting her mackintosh and umbrella and fighting her way into one of the overcrowded omnibuses (45) and going to Shoolbred’s on her way home and buying some soles for Mellersh’s dinner—Mellersh was difficult with fish and liked only soles, except salmon—when she beheld Mrs. Arbuthnot, a woman she knew by sight as also living in Hampstead and belonging to the club, sitting at the table in the middle of the room on which the newspapers and magazines were kept, absorbed, in her turn, in the first page of The Times.

(50) Mrs. Wilkins had never yet spoken to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who belonged to one of the various church sets, and who analysed, classified, divided and registered the poor; whereas she and Mellersh, when they did go out, went to the parties of impressionist painters, of whom in Hampstead there were many. Mellersh had a sister who had married one of them and lived up on the Heath, and because of this alliance Mrs. Wilkins was drawn into a circle which was highly (55) unnatural to her, and she had learned to dread pictures. She had to say things about them, and she didn’t know what to say. She used to murmur, “Marvellous,” and feel that it was not enough. But nobody minded. Nobody listened. Nobody took any notice of Mrs. Wilkins. She was the kind of person who is not noticed at parties. Her clothes, infested by thrift, made her practically invisible; her face was non-arresting; her conversation was reluctant; she was shy. And if one’s clothes and (60) face and conversation are all negligible, thought Mrs. Wilkins, who recognised her disabilities, what, at parties, is there left of one?

Also she was always with Wilkins, that clean-shaven, fine-looking man, who gave a party, merely by coming to it, a great air. Wilkins was very respectable. He was known to be highly thought of by his senior partners. His sister’s circle admired him. He pronounced adequately intelligent (65) judgments on art and artists. He was pithy; he was prudent; he never said a word too much, nor, on the other hand, did he ever say a word too little. He produced the impression of keeping copies of everything he said; and he was so obviously reliable that it often happened that people who met him at these parties became discontented with their own solicitors, and after a period of restlessness extricated themselves and went to Wilkins.

Source: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/16389/pg16389-images.html

In lines 8–9 (“That was its conception; yet… unaware of it at the moment.”), the author uses the semicolon and the word “yet” to:

Questions 1–11 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the book “The Enchanted April” by Elizabeth Von Arnim.

It began in a Woman’s Club in London on a February afternoon—an uncomfortable club, and a miserable afternoon—when Mrs. Wilkins, who had come down from Hampstead to shop and had lunched at her club, took up The Times from the table in the smoking-room, and running her listless eye down the Agony Column saw this:

(5) To Those who Appreciate Wistaria and Sunshine. Small mediaeval Italian Castle on the shores of the Mediterranean to be Let Furnished for the month of April. Necessary servants remain. Z, Box 1000, The Times.

That was its conception; yet, as in the case of many another, the conceiver was unaware of it at the moment.

(10) So entirely unaware was Mrs. Wilkins that her April for that year had then and there been settled for her that she dropped the newspaper with a gesture that was both irritated and resigned, and went over to the window and stared drearily out at the dripping street.

Not for her were mediaeval castles, even those that are specially described as small. Not for her the shores in April of the Mediterranean, and the wistaria and sunshine. Such delights were only (15) for the rich. Yet the advertisement had been addressed to persons who appreciate these things, so that it had been, anyhow, addressed too to her, for she certainly appreciated them; more than anybody knew; more than she had ever told. But she was poor. In the whole world she possessed of her very own only ninety pounds, saved from year to year, put by carefully pound by pound, out of her dress allowance. She had scraped this sum together at the suggestion of her husband as (20) a shield and refuge against a rainy day. Her dress allowance, given her by her father, was £100 a year, so that Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes were what her husband, urging her to save, called modest and becoming, and her acquaintance to each other, when they spoke of her at all, which was seldom for she was very negligible, called a perfect sight.

Mr. Wilkins, a solicitor, encouraged thrift, except that branch of it which got into his food. He did (25) not call that thrift, he called it bad housekeeping. But for the thrift which, like moth, penetrated into Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes and spoilt them, he had much praise. “You never know,” he said, “when there will be a rainy day, and you may be very glad to find you have a nest-egg. Indeed we both may.”

Looking out of the club window into Shaftesbury Avenue—hers was an economical club, but (30) convenient for Hampstead, where she lived, and for Shoolbred’s, where she shopped—Mrs. Wilkins, having stood there some time very drearily, her mind’s eye on the Mediterranean in April, and the wistaria, and the enviable opportunities of the rich, while her bodily eye watched the really extremely horrible sooty rain falling steadily on the hurrying umbrellas and splashing omnibuses, suddenly wondered whether perhaps this was not the rainy day Mellersh—Mellersh was Mr. (35) Wilkins—had so often encouraged her to prepare for, and whether to get out of such a climate and into the small mediaeval castle wasn’t perhaps what Providence had all along intended her to do with her savings. Part of her savings, of course; perhaps quite a small part. The castle, being mediaeval, might also be dilapidated, and dilapidations were surely cheap. She wouldn’t in the least mind a few of them, because you didn’t pay for dilapidations which were already there; on (40) the contrary—by reducing the price you had to pay they really paid you. But what nonsense to think of it . . .

She turned away from the window with the same gesture of mingled irritation and resignation with which she had laid down The Times, and crossed the room towards the door with the intention of getting her mackintosh and umbrella and fighting her way into one of the overcrowded omnibuses (45) and going to Shoolbred’s on her way home and buying some soles for Mellersh’s dinner—Mellersh was difficult with fish and liked only soles, except salmon—when she beheld Mrs. Arbuthnot, a woman she knew by sight as also living in Hampstead and belonging to the club, sitting at the table in the middle of the room on which the newspapers and magazines were kept, absorbed, in her turn, in the first page of The Times.

(50) Mrs. Wilkins had never yet spoken to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who belonged to one of the various church sets, and who analysed, classified, divided and registered the poor; whereas she and Mellersh, when they did go out, went to the parties of impressionist painters, of whom in Hampstead there were many. Mellersh had a sister who had married one of them and lived up on the Heath, and because of this alliance Mrs. Wilkins was drawn into a circle which was highly (55) unnatural to her, and she had learned to dread pictures. She had to say things about them, and she didn’t know what to say. She used to murmur, “Marvellous,” and feel that it was not enough. But nobody minded. Nobody listened. Nobody took any notice of Mrs. Wilkins. She was the kind of person who is not noticed at parties. Her clothes, infested by thrift, made her practically invisible; her face was non-arresting; her conversation was reluctant; she was shy. And if one’s clothes and (60) face and conversation are all negligible, thought Mrs. Wilkins, who recognised her disabilities, what, at parties, is there left of one?

Also she was always with Wilkins, that clean-shaven, fine-looking man, who gave a party, merely by coming to it, a great air. Wilkins was very respectable. He was known to be highly thought of by his senior partners. His sister’s circle admired him. He pronounced adequately intelligent (65) judgments on art and artists. He was pithy; he was prudent; he never said a word too much, nor, on the other hand, did he ever say a word too little. He produced the impression of keeping copies of everything he said; and he was so obviously reliable that it often happened that people who met him at these parties became discontented with their own solicitors, and after a period of restlessness extricated themselves and went to Wilkins.

In lines 25–28 (“But for the thrift which, like moth, penetrated…we both may.”), the author draws a comparison between Mrs. Wilkins’s thriftiness and the concept of saving for a rainy day to:

Questions 1–11 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the book “The Enchanted April” by Elizabeth Von Arnim.

It began in a Woman’s Club in London on a February afternoon—an uncomfortable club, and a miserable afternoon—when Mrs. Wilkins, who had come down from Hampstead to shop and had lunched at her club, took up The Times from the table in the smoking-room, and running her listless eye down the Agony Column saw this:

(5) To Those who Appreciate Wistaria and Sunshine. Small mediaeval Italian Castle on the shores of the Mediterranean to be Let Furnished for the month of April. Necessary servants remain. Z, Box 1000, The Times.

That was its conception; yet, as in the case of many another, the conceiver was unaware of it at the moment.

(10) So entirely unaware was Mrs. Wilkins that her April for that year had then and there been settled for her that she dropped the newspaper with a gesture that was both irritated and resigned, and went over to the window and stared drearily out at the dripping street.

Not for her were mediaeval castles, even those that are specially described as small. Not for her the shores in April of the Mediterranean, and the wistaria and sunshine. Such delights were only (15) for the rich. Yet the advertisement had been addressed to persons who appreciate these things, so that it had been, anyhow, addressed too to her, for she certainly appreciated them; more than anybody knew; more than she had ever told. But she was poor. In the whole world she possessed of her very own only ninety pounds, saved from year to year, put by carefully pound by pound, out of her dress allowance. She had scraped this sum together at the suggestion of her husband as (20) a shield and refuge against a rainy day. Her dress allowance, given her by her father, was £100 a year, so that Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes were what her husband, urging her to save, called modest and becoming, and her acquaintance to each other, when they spoke of her at all, which was seldom for she was very negligible, called a perfect sight.

Mr. Wilkins, a solicitor, encouraged thrift, except that branch of it which got into his food. He did (25) not call that thrift, he called it bad housekeeping. But for the thrift which, like moth, penetrated into Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes and spoilt them, he had much praise. “You never know,” he said, “when there will be a rainy day, and you may be very glad to find you have a nest-egg. Indeed we both may.”

Looking out of the club window into Shaftesbury Avenue—hers was an economical club, but (30) convenient for Hampstead, where she lived, and for Shoolbred’s, where she shopped—Mrs. Wilkins, having stood there some time very drearily, her mind’s eye on the Mediterranean in April, and the wistaria, and the enviable opportunities of the rich, while her bodily eye watched the really extremely horrible sooty rain falling steadily on the hurrying umbrellas and splashing omnibuses, suddenly wondered whether perhaps this was not the rainy day Mellersh—Mellersh was Mr. (35) Wilkins—had so often encouraged her to prepare for, and whether to get out of such a climate and into the small mediaeval castle wasn’t perhaps what Providence had all along intended her to do with her savings. Part of her savings, of course; perhaps quite a small part. The castle, being mediaeval, might also be dilapidated, and dilapidations were surely cheap. She wouldn’t in the least mind a few of them, because you didn’t pay for dilapidations which were already there; on (40) the contrary—by reducing the price you had to pay they really paid you. But what nonsense to think of it . . .

She turned away from the window with the same gesture of mingled irritation and resignation with which she had laid down The Times, and crossed the room towards the door with the intention of getting her mackintosh and umbrella and fighting her way into one of the overcrowded omnibuses (45) and going to Shoolbred’s on her way home and buying some soles for Mellersh’s dinner—Mellersh was difficult with fish and liked only soles, except salmon—when she beheld Mrs. Arbuthnot, a woman she knew by sight as also living in Hampstead and belonging to the club, sitting at the table in the middle of the room on which the newspapers and magazines were kept, absorbed, in her turn, in the first page of The Times.

(50) Mrs. Wilkins had never yet spoken to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who belonged to one of the various church sets, and who analysed, classified, divided and registered the poor; whereas she and Mellersh, when they did go out, went to the parties of impressionist painters, of whom in Hampstead there were many. Mellersh had a sister who had married one of them and lived up on the Heath, and because of this alliance Mrs. Wilkins was drawn into a circle which was highly (55) unnatural to her, and she had learned to dread pictures. She had to say things about them, and she didn’t know what to say. She used to murmur, “Marvellous,” and feel that it was not enough. But nobody minded. Nobody listened. Nobody took any notice of Mrs. Wilkins. She was the kind of person who is not noticed at parties. Her clothes, infested by thrift, made her practically invisible; her face was non-arresting; her conversation was reluctant; she was shy. And if one’s clothes and (60) face and conversation are all negligible, thought Mrs. Wilkins, who recognised her disabilities, what, at parties, is there left of one?

Also she was always with Wilkins, that clean-shaven, fine-looking man, who gave a party, merely by coming to it, a great air. Wilkins was very respectable. He was known to be highly thought of by his senior partners. His sister’s circle admired him. He pronounced adequately intelligent (65) judgments on art and artists. He was pithy; he was prudent; he never said a word too much, nor, on the other hand, did he ever say a word too little. He produced the impression of keeping copies of everything he said; and he was so obviously reliable that it often happened that people who met him at these parties became discontented with their own solicitors, and after a period of restlessness extricated themselves and went to Wilkins.

In the lines 10-12 (So entirely unaware … dripping street), the writer’s effective sentence structure can be primarily attributed to which of the following?

Questions 1–11 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the book “The Enchanted April” by Elizabeth Von Arnim.

It began in a Woman’s Club in London on a February afternoon—an uncomfortable club, and a miserable afternoon—when Mrs. Wilkins, who had come down from Hampstead to shop and had lunched at her club, took up The Times from the table in the smoking-room, and running her listless eye down the Agony Column saw this:

(5) To Those who Appreciate Wistaria and Sunshine. Small mediaeval Italian Castle on the shores of the Mediterranean to be Let Furnished for the month of April. Necessary servants remain. Z, Box 1000, The Times.

That was its conception; yet, as in the case of many another, the conceiver was unaware of it at the moment.

(10) So entirely unaware was Mrs. Wilkins that her April for that year had then and there been settled for her that she dropped the newspaper with a gesture that was both irritated and resigned, and went over to the window and stared drearily out at the dripping street.

Not for her were mediaeval castles, even those that are specially described as small. Not for her the shores in April of the Mediterranean, and the wistaria and sunshine. Such delights were only (15) for the rich. Yet the advertisement had been addressed to persons who appreciate these things, so that it had been, anyhow, addressed too to her, for she certainly appreciated them; more than anybody knew; more than she had ever told. But she was poor. In the whole world she possessed of her very own only ninety pounds, saved from year to year, put by carefully pound by pound, out of her dress allowance. She had scraped this sum together at the suggestion of her husband as (20) a shield and refuge against a rainy day. Her dress allowance, given her by her father, was £100 a year, so that Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes were what her husband, urging her to save, called modest and becoming, and her acquaintance to each other, when they spoke of her at all, which was seldom for she was very negligible, called a perfect sight.

Mr. Wilkins, a solicitor, encouraged thrift, except that branch of it which got into his food. He did (25) not call that thrift, he called it bad housekeeping. But for the thrift which, like moth, penetrated into Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes and spoilt them, he had much praise. “You never know,” he said, “when there will be a rainy day, and you may be very glad to find you have a nest-egg. Indeed we both may.”

Looking out of the club window into Shaftesbury Avenue—hers was an economical club, but (30) convenient for Hampstead, where she lived, and for Shoolbred’s, where she shopped—Mrs. Wilkins, having stood there some time very drearily, her mind’s eye on the Mediterranean in April, and the wistaria, and the enviable opportunities of the rich, while her bodily eye watched the really extremely horrible sooty rain falling steadily on the hurrying umbrellas and splashing omnibuses, suddenly wondered whether perhaps this was not the rainy day Mellersh—Mellersh was Mr. (35) Wilkins—had so often encouraged her to prepare for, and whether to get out of such a climate and into the small mediaeval castle wasn’t perhaps what Providence had all along intended her to do with her savings. Part of her savings, of course; perhaps quite a small part. The castle, being mediaeval, might also be dilapidated, and dilapidations were surely cheap. She wouldn’t in the least mind a few of them, because you didn’t pay for dilapidations which were already there; on (40) the contrary—by reducing the price you had to pay they really paid you. But what nonsense to think of it . . .

She turned away from the window with the same gesture of mingled irritation and resignation with which she had laid down The Times, and crossed the room towards the door with the intention of getting her mackintosh and umbrella and fighting her way into one of the overcrowded omnibuses (45) and going to Shoolbred’s on her way home and buying some soles for Mellersh’s dinner—Mellersh was difficult with fish and liked only soles, except salmon—when she beheld Mrs. Arbuthnot, a woman she knew by sight as also living in Hampstead and belonging to the club, sitting at the table in the middle of the room on which the newspapers and magazines were kept, absorbed, in her turn, in the first page of The Times.

(50) Mrs. Wilkins had never yet spoken to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who belonged to one of the various church sets, and who analysed, classified, divided and registered the poor; whereas she and Mellersh, when they did go out, went to the parties of impressionist painters, of whom in Hampstead there were many. Mellersh had a sister who had married one of them and lived up on the Heath, and because of this alliance Mrs. Wilkins was drawn into a circle which was highly (55) unnatural to her, and she had learned to dread pictures. She had to say things about them, and she didn’t know what to say. She used to murmur, “Marvellous,” and feel that it was not enough. But nobody minded. Nobody listened. Nobody took any notice of Mrs. Wilkins. She was the kind of person who is not noticed at parties. Her clothes, infested by thrift, made her practically invisible; her face was non-arresting; her conversation was reluctant; she was shy. And if one’s clothes and (60) face and conversation are all negligible, thought Mrs. Wilkins, who recognised her disabilities, what, at parties, is there left of one?

Also she was always with Wilkins, that clean-shaven, fine-looking man, who gave a party, merely by coming to it, a great air. Wilkins was very respectable. He was known to be highly thought of by his senior partners. His sister’s circle admired him. He pronounced adequately intelligent (65) judgments on art and artists. He was pithy; he was prudent; he never said a word too much, nor, on the other hand, did he ever say a word too little. He produced the impression of keeping copies of everything he said; and he was so obviously reliable that it often happened that people who met him at these parties became discontented with their own solicitors, and after a period of restlessness extricated themselves and went to Wilkins.

In the fifth paragraph, lines 13–17 (Yet the advertisement…had ever told), the revelation about Mrs. Wilkins is supported by which of the following claims?

Questions 1–11 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the book “The Enchanted April” by Elizabeth Von Arnim.

It began in a Woman’s Club in London on a February afternoon—an uncomfortable club, and a miserable afternoon—when Mrs. Wilkins, who had come down from Hampstead to shop and had lunched at her club, took up The Times from the table in the smoking-room, and running her listless eye down the Agony Column saw this:

(5) To Those who Appreciate Wistaria and Sunshine. Small mediaeval Italian Castle on the shores of the Mediterranean to be Let Furnished for the month of April. Necessary servants remain. Z, Box 1000, The Times.

That was its conception; yet, as in the case of many another, the conceiver was unaware of it at the moment.

(10) So entirely unaware was Mrs. Wilkins that her April for that year had then and there been settled for her that she dropped the newspaper with a gesture that was both irritated and resigned, and went over to the window and stared drearily out at the dripping street.

Not for her were mediaeval castles, even those that are specially described as small. Not for her the shores in April of the Mediterranean, and the wistaria and sunshine. Such delights were only (15) for the rich. Yet the advertisement had been addressed to persons who appreciate these things, so that it had been, anyhow, addressed too to her, for she certainly appreciated them; more than anybody knew; more than she had ever told. But she was poor. In the whole world she possessed of her very own only ninety pounds, saved from year to year, put by carefully pound by pound, out of her dress allowance. She had scraped this sum together at the suggestion of her husband as (20) a shield and refuge against a rainy day. Her dress allowance, given her by her father, was £100 a year, so that Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes were what her husband, urging her to save, called modest and becoming, and her acquaintance to each other, when they spoke of her at all, which was seldom for she was very negligible, called a perfect sight.

Mr. Wilkins, a solicitor, encouraged thrift, except that branch of it which got into his food. He did (25) not call that thrift, he called it bad housekeeping. But for the thrift which, like moth, penetrated into Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes and spoilt them, he had much praise. “You never know,” he said, “when there will be a rainy day, and you may be very glad to find you have a nest-egg. Indeed we both may.”

Looking out of the club window into Shaftesbury Avenue—hers was an economical club, but (30) convenient for Hampstead, where she lived, and for Shoolbred’s, where she shopped—Mrs. Wilkins, having stood there some time very drearily, her mind’s eye on the Mediterranean in April, and the wistaria, and the enviable opportunities of the rich, while her bodily eye watched the really extremely horrible sooty rain falling steadily on the hurrying umbrellas and splashing omnibuses, suddenly wondered whether perhaps this was not the rainy day Mellersh—Mellersh was Mr. (35) Wilkins—had so often encouraged her to prepare for, and whether to get out of such a climate and into the small mediaeval castle wasn’t perhaps what Providence had all along intended her to do with her savings. Part of her savings, of course; perhaps quite a small part. The castle, being mediaeval, might also be dilapidated, and dilapidations were surely cheap. She wouldn’t in the least mind a few of them, because you didn’t pay for dilapidations which were already there; on (40) the contrary—by reducing the price you had to pay they really paid you. But what nonsense to think of it . . .

She turned away from the window with the same gesture of mingled irritation and resignation with which she had laid down The Times, and crossed the room towards the door with the intention of getting her mackintosh and umbrella and fighting her way into one of the overcrowded omnibuses (45) and going to Shoolbred’s on her way home and buying some soles for Mellersh’s dinner—Mellersh was difficult with fish and liked only soles, except salmon—when she beheld Mrs. Arbuthnot, a woman she knew by sight as also living in Hampstead and belonging to the club, sitting at the table in the middle of the room on which the newspapers and magazines were kept, absorbed, in her turn, in the first page of The Times.

(50) Mrs. Wilkins had never yet spoken to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who belonged to one of the various church sets, and who analysed, classified, divided and registered the poor; whereas she and Mellersh, when they did go out, went to the parties of impressionist painters, of whom in Hampstead there were many. Mellersh had a sister who had married one of them and lived up on the Heath, and because of this alliance Mrs. Wilkins was drawn into a circle which was highly (55) unnatural to her, and she had learned to dread pictures. She had to say things about them, and she didn’t know what to say. She used to murmur, “Marvellous,” and feel that it was not enough. But nobody minded. Nobody listened. Nobody took any notice of Mrs. Wilkins. She was the kind of person who is not noticed at parties. Her clothes, infested by thrift, made her practically invisible; her face was non-arresting; her conversation was reluctant; she was shy. And if one’s clothes and (60) face and conversation are all negligible, thought Mrs. Wilkins, who recognised her disabilities, what, at parties, is there left of one?

Also she was always with Wilkins, that clean-shaven, fine-looking man, who gave a party, merely by coming to it, a great air. Wilkins was very respectable. He was known to be highly thought of by his senior partners. His sister’s circle admired him. He pronounced adequately intelligent (65) judgments on art and artists. He was pithy; he was prudent; he never said a word too much, nor, on the other hand, did he ever say a word too little. He produced the impression of keeping copies of everything he said; and he was so obviously reliable that it often happened that people who met him at these parties became discontented with their own solicitors, and after a period of restlessness extricated themselves and went to Wilkins.

In the sixth and seventh paragraphs (lines 37–49), the author subtly conveys Mrs. Wilkins’ internal conflict by

Questions 1–11 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the book “The Enchanted April” by Elizabeth Von Arnim.

It began in a Woman’s Club in London on a February afternoon—an uncomfortable club, and a miserable afternoon—when Mrs. Wilkins, who had come down from Hampstead to shop and had lunched at her club, took up The Times from the table in the smoking-room, and running her listless eye down the Agony Column saw this:

(5) To Those who Appreciate Wistaria and Sunshine. Small mediaeval Italian Castle on the shores of the Mediterranean to be Let Furnished for the month of April. Necessary servants remain. Z, Box 1000, The Times.

That was its conception; yet, as in the case of many another, the conceiver was unaware of it at the moment.

(10) So entirely unaware was Mrs. Wilkins that her April for that year had then and there been settled for her that she dropped the newspaper with a gesture that was both irritated and resigned, and went over to the window and stared drearily out at the dripping street.

Not for her were mediaeval castles, even those that are specially described as small. Not for her the shores in April of the Mediterranean, and the wistaria and sunshine. Such delights were only (15) for the rich. Yet the advertisement had been addressed to persons who appreciate these things, so that it had been, anyhow, addressed too to her, for she certainly appreciated them; more than anybody knew; more than she had ever told. But she was poor. In the whole world she possessed of her very own only ninety pounds, saved from year to year, put by carefully pound by pound, out of her dress allowance. She had scraped this sum together at the suggestion of her husband as (20) a shield and refuge against a rainy day. Her dress allowance, given her by her father, was £100 a year, so that Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes were what her husband, urging her to save, called modest and becoming, and her acquaintance to each other, when they spoke of her at all, which was seldom for she was very negligible, called a perfect sight.

Mr. Wilkins, a solicitor, encouraged thrift, except that branch of it which got into his food. He did (25) not call that thrift, he called it bad housekeeping. But for the thrift which, like moth, penetrated into Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes and spoilt them, he had much praise. “You never know,” he said, “when there will be a rainy day, and you may be very glad to find you have a nest-egg. Indeed we both may.”

Looking out of the club window into Shaftesbury Avenue—hers was an economical club, but (30) convenient for Hampstead, where she lived, and for Shoolbred’s, where she shopped—Mrs. Wilkins, having stood there some time very drearily, her mind’s eye on the Mediterranean in April, and the wistaria, and the enviable opportunities of the rich, while her bodily eye watched the really extremely horrible sooty rain falling steadily on the hurrying umbrellas and splashing omnibuses, suddenly wondered whether perhaps this was not the rainy day Mellersh—Mellersh was Mr. (35) Wilkins—had so often encouraged her to prepare for, and whether to get out of such a climate and into the small mediaeval castle wasn’t perhaps what Providence had all along intended her to do with her savings. Part of her savings, of course; perhaps quite a small part. The castle, being mediaeval, might also be dilapidated, and dilapidations were surely cheap. She wouldn’t in the least mind a few of them, because you didn’t pay for dilapidations which were already there; on (40) the contrary—by reducing the price you had to pay they really paid you. But what nonsense to think of it . . .

She turned away from the window with the same gesture of mingled irritation and resignation with which she had laid down The Times, and crossed the room towards the door with the intention of getting her mackintosh and umbrella and fighting her way into one of the overcrowded omnibuses (45) and going to Shoolbred’s on her way home and buying some soles for Mellersh’s dinner—Mellersh was difficult with fish and liked only soles, except salmon—when she beheld Mrs. Arbuthnot, a woman she knew by sight as also living in Hampstead and belonging to the club, sitting at the table in the middle of the room on which the newspapers and magazines were kept, absorbed, in her turn, in the first page of The Times.

(50) Mrs. Wilkins had never yet spoken to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who belonged to one of the various church sets, and who analysed, classified, divided and registered the poor; whereas she and Mellersh, when they did go out, went to the parties of impressionist painters, of whom in Hampstead there were many. Mellersh had a sister who had married one of them and lived up on the Heath, and because of this alliance Mrs. Wilkins was drawn into a circle which was highly (55) unnatural to her, and she had learned to dread pictures. She had to say things about them, and she didn’t know what to say. She used to murmur, “Marvellous,” and feel that it was not enough. But nobody minded. Nobody listened. Nobody took any notice of Mrs. Wilkins. She was the kind of person who is not noticed at parties. Her clothes, infested by thrift, made her practically invisible; her face was non-arresting; her conversation was reluctant; she was shy. And if one’s clothes and (60) face and conversation are all negligible, thought Mrs. Wilkins, who recognised her disabilities, what, at parties, is there left of one?

Also she was always with Wilkins, that clean-shaven, fine-looking man, who gave a party, merely by coming to it, a great air. Wilkins was very respectable. He was known to be highly thought of by his senior partners. His sister’s circle admired him. He pronounced adequately intelligent (65) judgments on art and artists. He was pithy; he was prudent; he never said a word too much, nor, on the other hand, did he ever say a word too little. He produced the impression of keeping copies of everything he said; and he was so obviously reliable that it often happened that people who met him at these parties became discontented with their own solicitors, and after a period of restlessness extricated themselves and went to Wilkins.

When the passage shifts from the eighth paragraph (lines 50–61) to the ninth paragraph (lines 62–69), it also transitions from:

Questions 1–11 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the book “The Enchanted April” by Elizabeth Von Arnim.

It began in a Woman’s Club in London on a February afternoon—an uncomfortable club, and a miserable afternoon—when Mrs. Wilkins, who had come down from Hampstead to shop and had lunched at her club, took up The Times from the table in the smoking-room, and running her listless eye down the Agony Column saw this:

(5) To Those who Appreciate Wistaria and Sunshine. Small mediaeval Italian Castle on the shores of the Mediterranean to be Let Furnished for the month of April. Necessary servants remain. Z, Box 1000, The Times.

That was its conception; yet, as in the case of many another, the conceiver was unaware of it at the moment.

(10) So entirely unaware was Mrs. Wilkins that her April for that year had then and there been settled for her that she dropped the newspaper with a gesture that was both irritated and resigned, and went over to the window and stared drearily out at the dripping street.

Not for her were mediaeval castles, even those that are specially described as small. Not for her the shores in April of the Mediterranean, and the wistaria and sunshine. Such delights were only (15) for the rich. Yet the advertisement had been addressed to persons who appreciate these things, so that it had been, anyhow, addressed too to her, for she certainly appreciated them; more than anybody knew; more than she had ever told. But she was poor. In the whole world she possessed of her very own only ninety pounds, saved from year to year, put by carefully pound by pound, out of her dress allowance. She had scraped this sum together at the suggestion of her husband as (20) a shield and refuge against a rainy day. Her dress allowance, given her by her father, was £100 a year, so that Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes were what her husband, urging her to save, called modest and becoming, and her acquaintance to each other, when they spoke of her at all, which was seldom for she was very negligible, called a perfect sight.

Mr. Wilkins, a solicitor, encouraged thrift, except that branch of it which got into his food. He did (25) not call that thrift, he called it bad housekeeping. But for the thrift which, like moth, penetrated into Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes and spoilt them, he had much praise. “You never know,” he said, “when there will be a rainy day, and you may be very glad to find you have a nest-egg. Indeed we both may.”

Looking out of the club window into Shaftesbury Avenue—hers was an economical club, but (30) convenient for Hampstead, where she lived, and for Shoolbred’s, where she shopped—Mrs. Wilkins, having stood there some time very drearily, her mind’s eye on the Mediterranean in April, and the wistaria, and the enviable opportunities of the rich, while her bodily eye watched the really extremely horrible sooty rain falling steadily on the hurrying umbrellas and splashing omnibuses, suddenly wondered whether perhaps this was not the rainy day Mellersh—Mellersh was Mr. (35) Wilkins—had so often encouraged her to prepare for, and whether to get out of such a climate and into the small mediaeval castle wasn’t perhaps what Providence had all along intended her to do with her savings. Part of her savings, of course; perhaps quite a small part. The castle, being mediaeval, might also be dilapidated, and dilapidations were surely cheap. She wouldn’t in the least mind a few of them, because you didn’t pay for dilapidations which were already there; on (40) the contrary—by reducing the price you had to pay they really paid you. But what nonsense to think of it . . .

She turned away from the window with the same gesture of mingled irritation and resignation with which she had laid down The Times, and crossed the room towards the door with the intention of getting her mackintosh and umbrella and fighting her way into one of the overcrowded omnibuses (45) and going to Shoolbred’s on her way home and buying some soles for Mellersh’s dinner—Mellersh was difficult with fish and liked only soles, except salmon—when she beheld Mrs. Arbuthnot, a woman she knew by sight as also living in Hampstead and belonging to the club, sitting at the table in the middle of the room on which the newspapers and magazines were kept, absorbed, in her turn, in the first page of The Times.

(50) Mrs. Wilkins had never yet spoken to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who belonged to one of the various church sets, and who analysed, classified, divided and registered the poor; whereas she and Mellersh, when they did go out, went to the parties of impressionist painters, of whom in Hampstead there were many. Mellersh had a sister who had married one of them and lived up on the Heath, and because of this alliance Mrs. Wilkins was drawn into a circle which was highly (55) unnatural to her, and she had learned to dread pictures. She had to say things about them, and she didn’t know what to say. She used to murmur, “Marvellous,” and feel that it was not enough. But nobody minded. Nobody listened. Nobody took any notice of Mrs. Wilkins. She was the kind of person who is not noticed at parties. Her clothes, infested by thrift, made her practically invisible; her face was non-arresting; her conversation was reluctant; she was shy. And if one’s clothes and (60) face and conversation are all negligible, thought Mrs. Wilkins, who recognised her disabilities, what, at parties, is there left of one?

Also she was always with Wilkins, that clean-shaven, fine-looking man, who gave a party, merely by coming to it, a great air. Wilkins was very respectable. He was known to be highly thought of by his senior partners. His sister’s circle admired him. He pronounced adequately intelligent (65) judgments on art and artists. He was pithy; he was prudent; he never said a word too much, nor, on the other hand, did he ever say a word too little. He produced the impression of keeping copies of everything he said; and he was so obviously reliable that it often happened that people who met him at these parties became discontented with their own solicitors, and after a period of restlessness extricated themselves and went to Wilkins.

In the eighth paragraph (lines 57-61), the author mentions Mrs. Wilkins’s experiences at parties and her interaction with Wilkins. What is the primary purpose of this reference?

Questions 1–11 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the book “The Enchanted April” by Elizabeth Von Arnim.

It began in a Woman’s Club in London on a February afternoon—an uncomfortable club, and a miserable afternoon—when Mrs. Wilkins, who had come down from Hampstead to shop and had lunched at her club, took up The Times from the table in the smoking-room, and running her listless eye down the Agony Column saw this:

(5) To Those who Appreciate Wistaria and Sunshine. Small mediaeval Italian Castle on the shores of the Mediterranean to be Let Furnished for the month of April. Necessary servants remain. Z, Box 1000, The Times.

That was its conception; yet, as in the case of many another, the conceiver was unaware of it at the moment.

(10) So entirely unaware was Mrs. Wilkins that her April for that year had then and there been settled for her that she dropped the newspaper with a gesture that was both irritated and resigned, and went over to the window and stared drearily out at the dripping street.

Not for her were mediaeval castles, even those that are specially described as small. Not for her the shores in April of the Mediterranean, and the wistaria and sunshine. Such delights were only (15) for the rich. Yet the advertisement had been addressed to persons who appreciate these things, so that it had been, anyhow, addressed too to her, for she certainly appreciated them; more than anybody knew; more than she had ever told. But she was poor. In the whole world she possessed of her very own only ninety pounds, saved from year to year, put by carefully pound by pound, out of her dress allowance. She had scraped this sum together at the suggestion of her husband as (20) a shield and refuge against a rainy day. Her dress allowance, given her by her father, was £100 a year, so that Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes were what her husband, urging her to save, called modest and becoming, and her acquaintance to each other, when they spoke of her at all, which was seldom for she was very negligible, called a perfect sight.

Mr. Wilkins, a solicitor, encouraged thrift, except that branch of it which got into his food. He did (25) not call that thrift, he called it bad housekeeping. But for the thrift which, like moth, penetrated into Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes and spoilt them, he had much praise. “You never know,” he said, “when there will be a rainy day, and you may be very glad to find you have a nest-egg. Indeed we both may.”

Looking out of the club window into Shaftesbury Avenue—hers was an economical club, but (30) convenient for Hampstead, where she lived, and for Shoolbred’s, where she shopped—Mrs. Wilkins, having stood there some time very drearily, her mind’s eye on the Mediterranean in April, and the wistaria, and the enviable opportunities of the rich, while her bodily eye watched the really extremely horrible sooty rain falling steadily on the hurrying umbrellas and splashing omnibuses, suddenly wondered whether perhaps this was not the rainy day Mellersh—Mellersh was Mr. (35) Wilkins—had so often encouraged her to prepare for, and whether to get out of such a climate and into the small mediaeval castle wasn’t perhaps what Providence had all along intended her to do with her savings. Part of her savings, of course; perhaps quite a small part. The castle, being mediaeval, might also be dilapidated, and dilapidations were surely cheap. She wouldn’t in the least mind a few of them, because you didn’t pay for dilapidations which were already there; on (40) the contrary—by reducing the price you had to pay they really paid you. But what nonsense to think of it . . .

She turned away from the window with the same gesture of mingled irritation and resignation with which she had laid down The Times, and crossed the room towards the door with the intention of getting her mackintosh and umbrella and fighting her way into one of the overcrowded omnibuses (45) and going to Shoolbred’s on her way home and buying some soles for Mellersh’s dinner—Mellersh was difficult with fish and liked only soles, except salmon—when she beheld Mrs. Arbuthnot, a woman she knew by sight as also living in Hampstead and belonging to the club, sitting at the table in the middle of the room on which the newspapers and magazines were kept, absorbed, in her turn, in the first page of The Times.

(50) Mrs. Wilkins had never yet spoken to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who belonged to one of the various church sets, and who analysed, classified, divided and registered the poor; whereas she and Mellersh, when they did go out, went to the parties of impressionist painters, of whom in Hampstead there were many. Mellersh had a sister who had married one of them and lived up on the Heath, and because of this alliance Mrs. Wilkins was drawn into a circle which was highly (55) unnatural to her, and she had learned to dread pictures. She had to say things about them, and she didn’t know what to say. She used to murmur, “Marvellous,” and feel that it was not enough. But nobody minded. Nobody listened. Nobody took any notice of Mrs. Wilkins. She was the kind of person who is not noticed at parties. Her clothes, infested by thrift, made her practically invisible; her face was non-arresting; her conversation was reluctant; she was shy. And if one’s clothes and (60) face and conversation are all negligible, thought Mrs. Wilkins, who recognised her disabilities, what, at parties, is there left of one?

Also she was always with Wilkins, that clean-shaven, fine-looking man, who gave a party, merely by coming to it, a great air. Wilkins was very respectable. He was known to be highly thought of by his senior partners. His sister’s circle admired him. He pronounced adequately intelligent (65) judgments on art and artists. He was pithy; he was prudent; he never said a word too much, nor, on the other hand, did he ever say a word too little. He produced the impression of keeping copies of everything he said; and he was so obviously reliable that it often happened that people who met him at these parties became discontented with their own solicitors, and after a period of restlessness extricated themselves and went to Wilkins.

How does the mention of Mrs. Wilkins’s reaction to the advertisement for the small mediaeval Italian castle contribute to the overall theme of the story?

Questions 1–11 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the book “The Enchanted April” by Elizabeth Von Arnim.

It began in a Woman’s Club in London on a February afternoon—an uncomfortable club, and a miserable afternoon—when Mrs. Wilkins, who had come down from Hampstead to shop and had lunched at her club, took up The Times from the table in the smoking-room, and running her listless eye down the Agony Column saw this:

(5) To Those who Appreciate Wistaria and Sunshine. Small mediaeval Italian Castle on the shores of the Mediterranean to be Let Furnished for the month of April. Necessary servants remain. Z, Box 1000, The Times.

That was its conception; yet, as in the case of many another, the conceiver was unaware of it at the moment.

(10) So entirely unaware was Mrs. Wilkins that her April for that year had then and there been settled for her that she dropped the newspaper with a gesture that was both irritated and resigned, and went over to the window and stared drearily out at the dripping street.

Not for her were mediaeval castles, even those that are specially described as small. Not for her the shores in April of the Mediterranean, and the wistaria and sunshine. Such delights were only (15) for the rich. Yet the advertisement had been addressed to persons who appreciate these things, so that it had been, anyhow, addressed too to her, for she certainly appreciated them; more than anybody knew; more than she had ever told. But she was poor. In the whole world she possessed of her very own only ninety pounds, saved from year to year, put by carefully pound by pound, out of her dress allowance. She had scraped this sum together at the suggestion of her husband as (20) a shield and refuge against a rainy day. Her dress allowance, given her by her father, was £100 a year, so that Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes were what her husband, urging her to save, called modest and becoming, and her acquaintance to each other, when they spoke of her at all, which was seldom for she was very negligible, called a perfect sight.

Mr. Wilkins, a solicitor, encouraged thrift, except that branch of it which got into his food. He did (25) not call that thrift, he called it bad housekeeping. But for the thrift which, like moth, penetrated into Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes and spoilt them, he had much praise. “You never know,” he said, “when there will be a rainy day, and you may be very glad to find you have a nest-egg. Indeed we both may.”

Looking out of the club window into Shaftesbury Avenue—hers was an economical club, but (30) convenient for Hampstead, where she lived, and for Shoolbred’s, where she shopped—Mrs. Wilkins, having stood there some time very drearily, her mind’s eye on the Mediterranean in April, and the wistaria, and the enviable opportunities of the rich, while her bodily eye watched the really extremely horrible sooty rain falling steadily on the hurrying umbrellas and splashing omnibuses, suddenly wondered whether perhaps this was not the rainy day Mellersh—Mellersh was Mr. (35) Wilkins—had so often encouraged her to prepare for, and whether to get out of such a climate and into the small mediaeval castle wasn’t perhaps what Providence had all along intended her to do with her savings. Part of her savings, of course; perhaps quite a small part. The castle, being mediaeval, might also be dilapidated, and dilapidations were surely cheap. She wouldn’t in the least mind a few of them, because you didn’t pay for dilapidations which were already there; on (40) the contrary—by reducing the price you had to pay they really paid you. But what nonsense to think of it . . .

She turned away from the window with the same gesture of mingled irritation and resignation with which she had laid down The Times, and crossed the room towards the door with the intention of getting her mackintosh and umbrella and fighting her way into one of the overcrowded omnibuses (45) and going to Shoolbred’s on her way home and buying some soles for Mellersh’s dinner—Mellersh was difficult with fish and liked only soles, except salmon—when she beheld Mrs. Arbuthnot, a woman she knew by sight as also living in Hampstead and belonging to the club, sitting at the table in the middle of the room on which the newspapers and magazines were kept, absorbed, in her turn, in the first page of The Times.

(50) Mrs. Wilkins had never yet spoken to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who belonged to one of the various church sets, and who analysed, classified, divided and registered the poor; whereas she and Mellersh, when they did go out, went to the parties of impressionist painters, of whom in Hampstead there were many. Mellersh had a sister who had married one of them and lived up on the Heath, and because of this alliance Mrs. Wilkins was drawn into a circle which was highly (55) unnatural to her, and she had learned to dread pictures. She had to say things about them, and she didn’t know what to say. She used to murmur, “Marvellous,” and feel that it was not enough. But nobody minded. Nobody listened. Nobody took any notice of Mrs. Wilkins. She was the kind of person who is not noticed at parties. Her clothes, infested by thrift, made her practically invisible; her face was non-arresting; her conversation was reluctant; she was shy. And if one’s clothes and (60) face and conversation are all negligible, thought Mrs. Wilkins, who recognised her disabilities, what, at parties, is there left of one?

Also she was always with Wilkins, that clean-shaven, fine-looking man, who gave a party, merely by coming to it, a great air. Wilkins was very respectable. He was known to be highly thought of by his senior partners. His sister’s circle admired him. He pronounced adequately intelligent (65) judgments on art and artists. He was pithy; he was prudent; he never said a word too much, nor, on the other hand, did he ever say a word too little. He produced the impression of keeping copies of everything he said; and he was so obviously reliable that it often happened that people who met him at these parties became discontented with their own solicitors, and after a period of restlessness extricated themselves and went to Wilkins.

In the lines 20-23 (Her dress allowance…called a perfect sight), the narrator describes Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes. What is subtly implied by this description?

Questions 1–11 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the book “The Enchanted April” by Elizabeth Von Arnim.

It began in a Woman’s Club in London on a February afternoon—an uncomfortable club, and a miserable afternoon—when Mrs. Wilkins, who had come down from Hampstead to shop and had lunched at her club, took up The Times from the table in the smoking-room, and running her listless eye down the Agony Column saw this:

(5) To Those who Appreciate Wistaria and Sunshine. Small mediaeval Italian Castle on the shores of the Mediterranean to be Let Furnished for the month of April. Necessary servants remain. Z, Box 1000, The Times.

That was its conception; yet, as in the case of many another, the conceiver was unaware of it at the moment.

(10) So entirely unaware was Mrs. Wilkins that her April for that year had then and there been settled for her that she dropped the newspaper with a gesture that was both irritated and resigned, and went over to the window and stared drearily out at the dripping street.

Not for her were mediaeval castles, even those that are specially described as small. Not for her the shores in April of the Mediterranean, and the wistaria and sunshine. Such delights were only (15) for the rich. Yet the advertisement had been addressed to persons who appreciate these things, so that it had been, anyhow, addressed too to her, for she certainly appreciated them; more than anybody knew; more than she had ever told. But she was poor. In the whole world she possessed of her very own only ninety pounds, saved from year to year, put by carefully pound by pound, out of her dress allowance. She had scraped this sum together at the suggestion of her husband as (20) a shield and refuge against a rainy day. Her dress allowance, given her by her father, was £100 a year, so that Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes were what her husband, urging her to save, called modest and becoming, and her acquaintance to each other, when they spoke of her at all, which was seldom for she was very negligible, called a perfect sight.

Mr. Wilkins, a solicitor, encouraged thrift, except that branch of it which got into his food. He did (25) not call that thrift, he called it bad housekeeping. But for the thrift which, like moth, penetrated into Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes and spoilt them, he had much praise. “You never know,” he said, “when there will be a rainy day, and you may be very glad to find you have a nest-egg. Indeed we both may.”

Looking out of the club window into Shaftesbury Avenue—hers was an economical club, but (30) convenient for Hampstead, where she lived, and for Shoolbred’s, where she shopped—Mrs. Wilkins, having stood there some time very drearily, her mind’s eye on the Mediterranean in April, and the wistaria, and the enviable opportunities of the rich, while her bodily eye watched the really extremely horrible sooty rain falling steadily on the hurrying umbrellas and splashing omnibuses, suddenly wondered whether perhaps this was not the rainy day Mellersh—Mellersh was Mr. (35) Wilkins—had so often encouraged her to prepare for, and whether to get out of such a climate and into the small mediaeval castle wasn’t perhaps what Providence had all along intended her to do with her savings. Part of her savings, of course; perhaps quite a small part. The castle, being mediaeval, might also be dilapidated, and dilapidations were surely cheap. She wouldn’t in the least mind a few of them, because you didn’t pay for dilapidations which were already there; on (40) the contrary—by reducing the price you had to pay they really paid you. But what nonsense to think of it . . .

She turned away from the window with the same gesture of mingled irritation and resignation with which she had laid down The Times, and crossed the room towards the door with the intention of getting her mackintosh and umbrella and fighting her way into one of the overcrowded omnibuses (45) and going to Shoolbred’s on her way home and buying some soles for Mellersh’s dinner—Mellersh was difficult with fish and liked only soles, except salmon—when she beheld Mrs. Arbuthnot, a woman she knew by sight as also living in Hampstead and belonging to the club, sitting at the table in the middle of the room on which the newspapers and magazines were kept, absorbed, in her turn, in the first page of The Times.

(50) Mrs. Wilkins had never yet spoken to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who belonged to one of the various church sets, and who analysed, classified, divided and registered the poor; whereas she and Mellersh, when they did go out, went to the parties of impressionist painters, of whom in Hampstead there were many. Mellersh had a sister who had married one of them and lived up on the Heath, and because of this alliance Mrs. Wilkins was drawn into a circle which was highly (55) unnatural to her, and she had learned to dread pictures. She had to say things about them, and she didn’t know what to say. She used to murmur, “Marvellous,” and feel that it was not enough. But nobody minded. Nobody listened. Nobody took any notice of Mrs. Wilkins. She was the kind of person who is not noticed at parties. Her clothes, infested by thrift, made her practically invisible; her face was non-arresting; her conversation was reluctant; she was shy. And if one’s clothes and (60) face and conversation are all negligible, thought Mrs. Wilkins, who recognised her disabilities, what, at parties, is there left of one?

Also she was always with Wilkins, that clean-shaven, fine-looking man, who gave a party, merely by coming to it, a great air. Wilkins was very respectable. He was known to be highly thought of by his senior partners. His sister’s circle admired him. He pronounced adequately intelligent (65) judgments on art and artists. He was pithy; he was prudent; he never said a word too much, nor, on the other hand, did he ever say a word too little. He produced the impression of keeping copies of everything he said; and he was so obviously reliable that it often happened that people who met him at these parties became discontented with their own solicitors, and after a period of restlessness extricated themselves and went to Wilkins.

In the context of the passage, Mrs. Wilkins’s use of the phrase “Marvellous” (Line 56) when discussing paintings primarily functions to:

Questions 1–11 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the book “The Enchanted April” by Elizabeth Von Arnim.

It began in a Woman’s Club in London on a February afternoon—an uncomfortable club, and a miserable afternoon—when Mrs. Wilkins, who had come down from Hampstead to shop and had lunched at her club, took up The Times from the table in the smoking-room, and running her listless eye down the Agony Column saw this:

(5) To Those who Appreciate Wistaria and Sunshine. Small mediaeval Italian Castle on the shores of the Mediterranean to be Let Furnished for the month of April. Necessary servants remain. Z, Box 1000, The Times.

That was its conception; yet, as in the case of many another, the conceiver was unaware of it at the moment.

(10) So entirely unaware was Mrs. Wilkins that her April for that year had then and there been settled for her that she dropped the newspaper with a gesture that was both irritated and resigned, and went over to the window and stared drearily out at the dripping street.

Not for her were mediaeval castles, even those that are specially described as small. Not for her the shores in April of the Mediterranean, and the wistaria and sunshine. Such delights were only (15) for the rich. Yet the advertisement had been addressed to persons who appreciate these things, so that it had been, anyhow, addressed too to her, for she certainly appreciated them; more than anybody knew; more than she had ever told. But she was poor. In the whole world she possessed of her very own only ninety pounds, saved from year to year, put by carefully pound by pound, out of her dress allowance. She had scraped this sum together at the suggestion of her husband as (20) a shield and refuge against a rainy day. Her dress allowance, given her by her father, was £100 a year, so that Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes were what her husband, urging her to save, called modest and becoming, and her acquaintance to each other, when they spoke of her at all, which was seldom for she was very negligible, called a perfect sight.

Mr. Wilkins, a solicitor, encouraged thrift, except that branch of it which got into his food. He did (25) not call that thrift, he called it bad housekeeping. But for the thrift which, like moth, penetrated into Mrs. Wilkins’s clothes and spoilt them, he had much praise. “You never know,” he said, “when there will be a rainy day, and you may be very glad to find you have a nest-egg. Indeed we both may.”

Looking out of the club window into Shaftesbury Avenue—hers was an economical club, but (30) convenient for Hampstead, where she lived, and for Shoolbred’s, where she shopped—Mrs. Wilkins, having stood there some time very drearily, her mind’s eye on the Mediterranean in April, and the wistaria, and the enviable opportunities of the rich, while her bodily eye watched the really extremely horrible sooty rain falling steadily on the hurrying umbrellas and splashing omnibuses, suddenly wondered whether perhaps this was not the rainy day Mellersh—Mellersh was Mr. (35) Wilkins—had so often encouraged her to prepare for, and whether to get out of such a climate and into the small mediaeval castle wasn’t perhaps what Providence had all along intended her to do with her savings. Part of her savings, of course; perhaps quite a small part. The castle, being mediaeval, might also be dilapidated, and dilapidations were surely cheap. She wouldn’t in the least mind a few of them, because you didn’t pay for dilapidations which were already there; on (40) the contrary—by reducing the price you had to pay they really paid you. But what nonsense to think of it . . .

She turned away from the window with the same gesture of mingled irritation and resignation with which she had laid down The Times, and crossed the room towards the door with the intention of getting her mackintosh and umbrella and fighting her way into one of the overcrowded omnibuses (45) and going to Shoolbred’s on her way home and buying some soles for Mellersh’s dinner—Mellersh was difficult with fish and liked only soles, except salmon—when she beheld Mrs. Arbuthnot, a woman she knew by sight as also living in Hampstead and belonging to the club, sitting at the table in the middle of the room on which the newspapers and magazines were kept, absorbed, in her turn, in the first page of The Times.

(50) Mrs. Wilkins had never yet spoken to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who belonged to one of the various church sets, and who analysed, classified, divided and registered the poor; whereas she and Mellersh, when they did go out, went to the parties of impressionist painters, of whom in Hampstead there were many. Mellersh had a sister who had married one of them and lived up on the Heath, and because of this alliance Mrs. Wilkins was drawn into a circle which was highly (55) unnatural to her, and she had learned to dread pictures. She had to say things about them, and she didn’t know what to say. She used to murmur, “Marvellous,” and feel that it was not enough. But nobody minded. Nobody listened. Nobody took any notice of Mrs. Wilkins. She was the kind of person who is not noticed at parties. Her clothes, infested by thrift, made her practically invisible; her face was non-arresting; her conversation was reluctant; she was shy. And if one’s clothes and (60) face and conversation are all negligible, thought Mrs. Wilkins, who recognised her disabilities, what, at parties, is there left of one?

Also she was always with Wilkins, that clean-shaven, fine-looking man, who gave a party, merely by coming to it, a great air. Wilkins was very respectable. He was known to be highly thought of by his senior partners. His sister’s circle admired him. He pronounced adequately intelligent (65) judgments on art and artists. He was pithy; he was prudent; he never said a word too much, nor, on the other hand, did he ever say a word too little. He produced the impression of keeping copies of everything he said; and he was so obviously reliable that it often happened that people who met him at these parties became discontented with their own solicitors, and after a period of restlessness extricated themselves and went to Wilkins.

The writer compares Mrs. Wilkins’s thriftiness with a “moth” (Line 25). The mention of a moth implies that the author is suggesting:

Questions 12–23 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the speech “The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” by Anna Howard Shaw

When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twentyone years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for (5) which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a ARIST does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman’s enfranchisement means at (10) all is that a government which Republican form of government claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman’s Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to (15) answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. .

Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, (20) the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation’s life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on (25) November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. .

If woman’s suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental (30) principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the (35) beginning of our Nation’s life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have been imbued with a spirit and a vision more lofty than they have been able to live; they have been led by visions of the sublimest truth, both in regard to religion and in regard to government that ever inspired the souls of men from the time the Puritans left the old world to come to this country, led by the Divine ideal which (40) is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom which men have ever known, the theory that a man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without the intervention of any other man or any other group of men. And it was this theory, this vision of the right of the human soul which led men first to the shores of this country. .

Source: https://susanbanthonyhouse.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Anna-Howard-Shaw-City-Opera-House-1915.pdf

What is the relationship between the opening arguments (lines 3–5) and the later arguments (lines 29–35)?

Questions 12–23 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the speech “The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” by Anna Howard Shaw

When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twentyone years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for (5) which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a ARIST does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman’s enfranchisement means at (10) all is that a government which Republican form of government claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman’s Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to (15) answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. .

Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, (20) the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation’s life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on (25) November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. .

If woman’s suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental (30) principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the (35) beginning of our Nation’s life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have been imbued with a spirit and a vision more lofty than they have been able to live; they have been led by visions of the sublimest truth, both in regard to religion and in regard to government that ever inspired the souls of men from the time the Puritans left the old world to come to this country, led by the Divine ideal which (40) is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom which men have ever known, the theory that a man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without the intervention of any other man or any other group of men. And it was this theory, this vision of the right of the human soul which led men first to the shores of this country. .

Which of the following best describes the effect of the speaker’s use of metaphor in the sentence, “led by the Divine ideal which is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom” (lines 35–42)?

Questions 12–23 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the speech “The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” by Anna Howard Shaw

When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twentyone years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for (5) which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a ARIST does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman’s enfranchisement means at (10) all is that a government which Republican form of government claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman’s Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to (15) answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. .

Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, (20) the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation’s life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on (25) November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. .

If woman’s suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental (30) principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the (35) beginning of our Nation’s life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have been imbued with a spirit and a vision more lofty than they have been able to live; they have been led by visions of the sublimest truth, both in regard to religion and in regard to government that ever inspired the souls of men from the time the Puritans left the old world to come to this country, led by the Divine ideal which (40) is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom which men have ever known, the theory that a man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without the intervention of any other man or any other group of men. And it was this theory, this vision of the right of the human soul which led men first to the shores of this country. .

The speaker implies which of the following in lines 25–28 (“It is not merely a trifling matter…cast a ballot”)?

Questions 12–23 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the speech “The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” by Anna Howard Shaw

When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twentyone years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for (5) which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a ARIST does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman’s enfranchisement means at (10) all is that a government which Republican form of government claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman’s Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to (15) answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. .

Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, (20) the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation’s life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on (25) November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. .

If woman’s suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental (30) principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the (35) beginning of our Nation’s life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have been imbued with a spirit and a vision more lofty than they have been able to live; they have been led by visions of the sublimest truth, both in regard to religion and in regard to government that ever inspired the souls of men from the time the Puritans left the old world to come to this country, led by the Divine ideal which (40) is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom which men have ever known, the theory that a man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without the intervention of any other man or any other group of men. And it was this theory, this vision of the right of the human soul which led men first to the shores of this country. .

Which of the following best expresses the function of the paragraph that contain the lines 29-43?

Questions 12–23 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the speech “The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” by Anna Howard Shaw

When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twentyone years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for (5) which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a ARIST does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman’s enfranchisement means at (10) all is that a government which Republican form of government claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman’s Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to (15) answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. .

Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, (20) the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation’s life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on (25) November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. .

If woman’s suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental (30) principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the (35) beginning of our Nation’s life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have been imbued with a spirit and a vision more lofty than they have been able to live; they have been led by visions of the sublimest truth, both in regard to religion and in regard to government that ever inspired the souls of men from the time the Puritans left the old world to come to this country, led by the Divine ideal which (40) is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom which men have ever known, the theory that a man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without the intervention of any other man or any other group of men. And it was this theory, this vision of the right of the human soul which led men first to the shores of this country. .

Which of the following best describes the function of lines 21–25 (“It is the greatest opportunity…Nation’s life”)?

Questions 12–23 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the speech “The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” by Anna Howard Shaw

When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twentyone years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for (5) which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a ARIST does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman’s enfranchisement means at (10) all is that a government which Republican form of government claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman’s Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to (15) answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. .

Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, (20) the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation’s life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on (25) November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. .

If woman’s suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental (30) principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the (35) beginning of our Nation’s life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have been imbued with a spirit and a vision more lofty than they have been able to live; they have been led by visions of the sublimest truth, both in regard to religion and in regard to government that ever inspired the souls of men from the time the Puritans left the old world to come to this country, led by the Divine ideal which (40) is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom which men have ever known, the theory that a man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without the intervention of any other man or any other group of men. And it was this theory, this vision of the right of the human soul which led men first to the shores of this country. .

By characterizing the historical inconsistency of men in their pursuit of lofty ideals, the speaker implies that these individuals, from the Puritans onward (Lines 35–42: “from the time the Puritans left the old world…”), have been:

Questions 12–23 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the speech “The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” by Anna Howard Shaw

When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twentyone years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for (5) which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a ARIST does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman’s enfranchisement means at (10) all is that a government which Republican form of government claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman’s Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to (15) answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. .

Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, (20) the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation’s life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on (25) November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. .

If woman’s suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental (30) principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the (35) beginning of our Nation’s life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have been imbued with a spirit and a vision more lofty than they have been able to live; they have been led by visions of the sublimest truth, both in regard to religion and in regard to government that ever inspired the souls of men from the time the Puritans left the old world to come to this country, led by the Divine ideal which (40) is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom which men have ever known, the theory that a man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without the intervention of any other man or any other group of men. And it was this theory, this vision of the right of the human soul which led men first to the shores of this country. .

In lines 5–11, the speaker contrasts “Republican form of government” with “aristocracy.” What is the primary purpose of this contrast?

Questions 12–23 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the speech “The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” by Anna Howard Shaw

When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twentyone years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for (5) which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a ARIST does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman’s enfranchisement means at (10) all is that a government which Republican form of government claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman’s Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to (15) answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. .

Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, (20) the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation’s life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on (25) November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. .

If woman’s suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental (30) principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the (35) beginning of our Nation’s life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have been imbued with a spirit and a vision more lofty than they have been able to live; they have been led by visions of the sublimest truth, both in regard to religion and in regard to government that ever inspired the souls of men from the time the Puritans left the old world to come to this country, led by the Divine ideal which (40) is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom which men have ever known, the theory that a man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without the intervention of any other man or any other group of men. And it was this theory, this vision of the right of the human soul which led men first to the shores of this country. .

The writer in the passage includes the statement in lines 29-31(If woman’s suffrage…Republic must rise.) primarily in order to:

Questions 12–23 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the speech “The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” by Anna Howard Shaw

When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twentyone years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for (5) which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a ARIST does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman’s enfranchisement means at (10) all is that a government which Republican form of government claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman’s Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to (15) answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. .

Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, (20) the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation’s life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on (25) November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. .

If woman’s suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental (30) principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the (35) beginning of our Nation’s life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have been imbued with a spirit and a vision more lofty than they have been able to live; they have been led by visions of the sublimest truth, both in regard to religion and in regard to government that ever inspired the souls of men from the time the Puritans left the old world to come to this country, led by the Divine ideal which (40) is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom which men have ever known, the theory that a man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without the intervention of any other man or any other group of men. And it was this theory, this vision of the right of the human soul which led men first to the shores of this country. .

When the speaker refers to the “difficulty with the men of this country” (Lines 32-35) and highlights their consistency in inconsistency, she is primarily employing which rhetorical strategy?

Questions 12–23 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the speech “The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” by Anna Howard Shaw

When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twentyone years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for (5) which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a ARIST does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman’s enfranchisement means at (10) all is that a government which Republican form of government claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman’s Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to (15) answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. .

Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, (20) the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation’s life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on (25) November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. .

If woman’s suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental (30) principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the (35) beginning of our Nation’s life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have been imbued with a spirit and a vision more lofty than they have been able to live; they have been led by visions of the sublimest truth, both in regard to religion and in regard to government that ever inspired the souls of men from the time the Puritans left the old world to come to this country, led by the Divine ideal which (40) is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom which men have ever known, the theory that a man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without the intervention of any other man or any other group of men. And it was this theory, this vision of the right of the human soul which led men first to the shores of this country. .

The statement “Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are” (lines 31–32) serves primarily to:

Questions 12–23 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the speech “The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” by Anna Howard Shaw

When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twentyone years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for (5) which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a ARIST does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman’s enfranchisement means at (10) all is that a government which Republican form of government claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman’s Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to (15) answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. .

Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, (20) the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation’s life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on (25) November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. .

If woman’s suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental (30) principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the (35) beginning of our Nation’s life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have been imbued with a spirit and a vision more lofty than they have been able to live; they have been led by visions of the sublimest truth, both in regard to religion and in regard to government that ever inspired the souls of men from the time the Puritans left the old world to come to this country, led by the Divine ideal which (40) is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom which men have ever known, the theory that a man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without the intervention of any other man or any other group of men. And it was this theory, this vision of the right of the human soul which led men first to the shores of this country. .

The circumlocution in lines 13-16 (“they always have something …with what they say”) serves to:

Questions 12–23 refer to the passage below.

The following passage is excerpted from the speech “The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” by Anna Howard Shaw

When I came into your hall tonight, I thought of the last time I was in your city. Twentyone years ago I came here with Susan B. Anthony, and we came for exactly the same purpose as that for (5) which we are here tonight. Boys have been born since that time and have become voters, and the women are still trying to persuade American men to believe in the fundamental principles of democracy, and I never quite feel as if it was a fair field to argue this question with men, because in doing it you have to assume that a man who professes to believe in a ARIST does not believe in a Republican form of government, for the only thing that woman’s enfranchisement means at (10) all is that a government which Republican form of government claims to be a Republic should be a Republic, and not an aristocracy. The difficulty with discussing this question with those who oppose us is that they make any number of arguments but none of them have anything to do with Woman’s Suffrage; they always have something to do with something else, therefore the arguments which we have to make rarely ever have anything to do with the subject, because we have to (15) answer our opponents who always escape the subject as far as possible in order to have any sort of reason in connection with what they say. .

Now one of two things is true: either a Republic is a desirable form of government, or else it is not. If it is, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not to pretend that we have it. We ought at least be true to our ideals, and the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, (20) the rare opportunity on the second day of next November, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state. They have never had so serious a problem to solve before, they will never have a more serious problem to solve in any future of our nation’s life, and the thing that disturbs me more than anything else in connection with it is that so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on (25) November 2. It is not merely a trifling matter; it is not a little thing that does not concern the state, it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls on the second day of next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. .

If woman’s suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong; if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental (30) principle, and we all know, if we know what a Republic is, that it is the fundamental principle upon which a Republic must rise. Let us see where we are as a people; how we act here and what we think we are. The difficulty with the men of this country is that they are so consistent in their inconsistency that they are not aware of having been inconsistent; because their consistency has been so continuous and their inconsistency so consecutive that it has never been broken, from the (35) beginning of our Nation’s life to the present time. If we trace our history back we will find that from the very dawn of our existence as a people, men have been imbued with a spirit and a vision more lofty than they have been able to live; they have been led by visions of the sublimest truth, both in regard to religion and in regard to government that ever inspired the souls of men from the time the Puritans left the old world to come to this country, led by the Divine ideal which (40) is the sublimest and the supremest ideal in religious freedom which men have ever known, the theory that a man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without the intervention of any other man or any other group of men. And it was this theory, this vision of the right of the human soul which led men first to the shores of this country. .

The writer of the passage primarily develops the argument by

Questions 24–30 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) The urgent need to address climate change arises from the realization that its effects are not only imminent but also pervasive across diverse aspects of our interconnected world. (2) As we witness a rise of approximately 1.98°F (1.1°C) in global temperatures from 1901 to 2020, it is evident that the impacts of climate change extend far beyond temperature increases. (3) Shifts in weather patterns, exemplified by droughts and floods, are reshaping landscapes and challenging the delicate balance of ecosystems.

(4) One of the critical dimensions of climate change is its impact on essential resources and systems that sustain life. (5) Water, a fundamental necessity, is increasingly affected by altered precipitation patterns and the melting of polar ice caps. (6) The consequences extend to agriculture, where changing climate conditions can disrupt traditional growing seasons and threaten food security. (7) Energy production and transportation are also at risk, as extreme weather events disrupt supply chains and infrastructure.

(8) Wildlife faces unprecedented challenges as habitats transform and availability of resources dwindles. (9) Ecosystem stress, giving rise to biodiversity loss and potential cascading effects, accentuates the urgency of addressing climate change and interconnected human health challenges. (10) Human health is intricately intertwined with these environmental shifts, with the spread of diseases and the emergence of new health challenges becoming more prevalent. (11) The vulnerability of marginalized communities to these health impacts is exacerbated by existing socioeconomic disparities, further highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change through an equitable lens.

(12) In facing the challenges posed by climate change, it is crucial to recognize that the future is not predetermined. (13) Solutions abound, and ongoing research continues to unveil innovative strategies to mitigate and adapt to these changes. (14) Experts emphasize the significance of limiting global warming and swiftly transitioning to a zero-emission future. (15) This necessitates investment in cutting-edge technologies and resilient infrastructure, not only as a means to combat climate change but also as a catalyst for economic growth.

(16) A shift towards sustainability and environmental responsibility presents an opportunity for job creation and economic revitalization. (17) Green technologies, renewable energy, and sustainable practices can contribute to a greener and more resilient future. (18) By prioritizing emissions reduction, we not only safeguard the planet but also prioritize the well-being of present and future generations.

(19) In conclusion, climate change is an immediate and intricate challenge that necessitates a multifaceted approach. (20) From the impacts on ecosystems and communities to the socio-economic consequences, the urgency to address climate change is clear. (21) By acknowledging the interconnectedness of these issues and committing to collective action, we can pave the way for a sustainable and equitable future. (22) The time to act is now, and the choices we make today will shape the world we leave for generations to come.

In sentence 9, which of the following versions of the underlined text best transitions from the discussion of ecosystem stress to the broader impact on human health, emphasizing the urgency of addressing climate change?

Ecosystem stress, giving rise to biodiversity loss and potential cascading effects, accentuates the urgency of addressing climate change and interconnected human health challenges.

Questions 24–30 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) The urgent need to address climate change arises from the realization that its effects are not only imminent but also pervasive across diverse aspects of our interconnected world. (2) As we witness a rise of approximately 1.98°F (1.1°C) in global temperatures from 1901 to 2020, it is evident that the impacts of climate change extend far beyond temperature increases. (3) Shifts in weather patterns, exemplified by droughts and floods, are reshaping landscapes and challenging the delicate balance of ecosystems.

(4) One of the critical dimensions of climate change is its impact on essential resources and systems that sustain life. (5) Water, a fundamental necessity, is increasingly affected by altered precipitation patterns and the melting of polar ice caps. (6) The consequences extend to agriculture, where changing climate conditions can disrupt traditional growing seasons and threaten food security. (7) Energy production and transportation are also at risk, as extreme weather events disrupt supply chains and infrastructure.

(8) Wildlife faces unprecedented challenges as habitats transform and availability of resources dwindles. (9) Ecosystem stress, giving rise to biodiversity loss and potential cascading effects, accentuates the urgency of addressing climate change and interconnected human health challenges. (10) Human health is intricately intertwined with these environmental shifts, with the spread of diseases and the emergence of new health challenges becoming more prevalent. (11) The vulnerability of marginalized communities to these health impacts is exacerbated by existing socioeconomic disparities, further highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change through an equitable lens.

(12) In facing the challenges posed by climate change, it is crucial to recognize that the future is not predetermined. (13) Solutions abound, and ongoing research continues to unveil innovative strategies to mitigate and adapt to these changes. (14) Experts emphasize the significance of limiting global warming and swiftly transitioning to a zero-emission future. (15) This necessitates investment in cutting-edge technologies and resilient infrastructure, not only as a means to combat climate change but also as a catalyst for economic growth.

(16) A shift towards sustainability and environmental responsibility presents an opportunity for job creation and economic revitalization. (17) Green technologies, renewable energy, and sustainable practices can contribute to a greener and more resilient future. (18) By prioritizing emissions reduction, we not only safeguard the planet but also prioritize the well-being of present and future generations.

(19) In conclusion, climate change is an immediate and intricate challenge that necessitates a multifaceted approach. (20) From the impacts on ecosystems and communities to the socio-economic consequences, the urgency to address climate change is clear. (21) By acknowledging the interconnectedness of these issues and committing to collective action, we can pave the way for a sustainable and equitable future. (22) The time to act is now, and the choices we make today will shape the world we leave for generations to come.

In sentence 18 (reproduced below), which version of the underlined text best aligns with the writer’s overall message and tone?

By prioritizing emissions reduction, we not only safeguard the planet but also prioritize the well-being of present and future generations.

Questions 24–30 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) The urgent need to address climate change arises from the realization that its effects are not only imminent but also pervasive across diverse aspects of our interconnected world. (2) As we witness a rise of approximately 1.98°F (1.1°C) in global temperatures from 1901 to 2020, it is evident that the impacts of climate change extend far beyond temperature increases. (3) Shifts in weather patterns, exemplified by droughts and floods, are reshaping landscapes and challenging the delicate balance of ecosystems.

(4) One of the critical dimensions of climate change is its impact on essential resources and systems that sustain life. (5) Water, a fundamental necessity, is increasingly affected by altered precipitation patterns and the melting of polar ice caps. (6) The consequences extend to agriculture, where changing climate conditions can disrupt traditional growing seasons and threaten food security. (7) Energy production and transportation are also at risk, as extreme weather events disrupt supply chains and infrastructure.

(8) Wildlife faces unprecedented challenges as habitats transform and availability of resources dwindles. (9) Ecosystem stress, giving rise to biodiversity loss and potential cascading effects, accentuates the urgency of addressing climate change and interconnected human health challenges. (10) Human health is intricately intertwined with these environmental shifts, with the spread of diseases and the emergence of new health challenges becoming more prevalent. (11) The vulnerability of marginalized communities to these health impacts is exacerbated by existing socioeconomic disparities, further highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change through an equitable lens.

(12) In facing the challenges posed by climate change, it is crucial to recognize that the future is not predetermined. (13) Solutions abound, and ongoing research continues to unveil innovative strategies to mitigate and adapt to these changes. (14) Experts emphasize the significance of limiting global warming and swiftly transitioning to a zero-emission future. (15) This necessitates investment in cutting-edge technologies and resilient infrastructure, not only as a means to combat climate change but also as a catalyst for economic growth.

(16) A shift towards sustainability and environmental responsibility presents an opportunity for job creation and economic revitalization. (17) Green technologies, renewable energy, and sustainable practices can contribute to a greener and more resilient future. (18) By prioritizing emissions reduction, we not only safeguard the planet but also prioritize the well-being of present and future generations.

(19) In conclusion, climate change is an immediate and intricate challenge that necessitates a multifaceted approach. (20) From the impacts on ecosystems and communities to the socio-economic consequences, the urgency to address climate change is clear. (21) By acknowledging the interconnectedness of these issues and committing to collective action, we can pave the way for a sustainable and equitable future. (22) The time to act is now, and the choices we make today will shape the world we leave for generations to come.

Where would the following sentence best be placed to introduce a counterclaim in the second paragraph (sentences 5–10)?

Critics argue that the economic benefits of prioritizing emissions reduction are overstated, claiming that the immediate costs of transitioning to a zero-emission future outweigh the potential long-term gains.

Questions 24–30 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) The urgent need to address climate change arises from the realization that its effects are not only imminent but also pervasive across diverse aspects of our interconnected world. (2) As we witness a rise of approximately 1.98°F (1.1°C) in global temperatures from 1901 to 2020, it is evident that the impacts of climate change extend far beyond temperature increases. (3) Shifts in weather patterns, exemplified by droughts and floods, are reshaping landscapes and challenging the delicate balance of ecosystems.

(4) One of the critical dimensions of climate change is its impact on essential resources and systems that sustain life. (5) Water, a fundamental necessity, is increasingly affected by altered precipitation patterns and the melting of polar ice caps. (6) The consequences extend to agriculture, where changing climate conditions can disrupt traditional growing seasons and threaten food security. (7) Energy production and transportation are also at risk, as extreme weather events disrupt supply chains and infrastructure.

(8) Wildlife faces unprecedented challenges as habitats transform and availability of resources dwindles. (9) Ecosystem stress, giving rise to biodiversity loss and potential cascading effects, accentuates the urgency of addressing climate change and interconnected human health challenges. (10) Human health is intricately intertwined with these environmental shifts, with the spread of diseases and the emergence of new health challenges becoming more prevalent. (11) The vulnerability of marginalized communities to these health impacts is exacerbated by existing socioeconomic disparities, further highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change through an equitable lens.

(12) In facing the challenges posed by climate change, it is crucial to recognize that the future is not predetermined. (13) Solutions abound, and ongoing research continues to unveil innovative strategies to mitigate and adapt to these changes. (14) Experts emphasize the significance of limiting global warming and swiftly transitioning to a zero-emission future. (15) This necessitates investment in cutting-edge technologies and resilient infrastructure, not only as a means to combat climate change but also as a catalyst for economic growth.

(16) A shift towards sustainability and environmental responsibility presents an opportunity for job creation and economic revitalization. (17) Green technologies, renewable energy, and sustainable practices can contribute to a greener and more resilient future. (18) By prioritizing emissions reduction, we not only safeguard the planet but also prioritize the well-being of present and future generations.

(19) In conclusion, climate change is an immediate and intricate challenge that necessitates a multifaceted approach. (20) From the impacts on ecosystems and communities to the socio-economic consequences, the urgency to address climate change is clear. (21) By acknowledging the interconnectedness of these issues and committing to collective action, we can pave the way for a sustainable and equitable future. (22) The time to act is now, and the choices we make today will shape the world we leave for generations to come.

In sentence 16 (reproduced below), the author aims to underscore the potential positive outcomes of embracing sustainability, while keeping it consistent with the main argument of the passage.

A shift towards sustainability and environmental responsibility presents an opportunity for job creation and economic revitalization.

Which of the following versions of the underlined text best achieves this purpose?

Questions 24–30 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) The urgent need to address climate change arises from the realization that its effects are not only imminent but also pervasive across diverse aspects of our interconnected world. (2) As we witness a rise of approximately 1.98°F (1.1°C) in global temperatures from 1901 to 2020, it is evident that the impacts of climate change extend far beyond temperature increases. (3) Shifts in weather patterns, exemplified by droughts and floods, are reshaping landscapes and challenging the delicate balance of ecosystems.

(4) One of the critical dimensions of climate change is its impact on essential resources and systems that sustain life. (5) Water, a fundamental necessity, is increasingly affected by altered precipitation patterns and the melting of polar ice caps. (6) The consequences extend to agriculture, where changing climate conditions can disrupt traditional growing seasons and threaten food security. (7) Energy production and transportation are also at risk, as extreme weather events disrupt supply chains and infrastructure.

(8) Wildlife faces unprecedented challenges as habitats transform and availability of resources dwindles. (9) Ecosystem stress, giving rise to biodiversity loss and potential cascading effects, accentuates the urgency of addressing climate change and interconnected human health challenges. (10) Human health is intricately intertwined with these environmental shifts, with the spread of diseases and the emergence of new health challenges becoming more prevalent. (11) The vulnerability of marginalized communities to these health impacts is exacerbated by existing socioeconomic disparities, further highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change through an equitable lens.

(12) In facing the challenges posed by climate change, it is crucial to recognize that the future is not predetermined. (13) Solutions abound, and ongoing research continues to unveil innovative strategies to mitigate and adapt to these changes. (14) Experts emphasize the significance of limiting global warming and swiftly transitioning to a zero-emission future. (15) This necessitates investment in cutting-edge technologies and resilient infrastructure, not only as a means to combat climate change but also as a catalyst for economic growth.

(16) A shift towards sustainability and environmental responsibility presents an opportunity for job creation and economic revitalization. (17) Green technologies, renewable energy, and sustainable practices can contribute to a greener and more resilient future. (18) By prioritizing emissions reduction, we not only safeguard the planet but also prioritize the well-being of present and future generations.

(19) In conclusion, climate change is an immediate and intricate challenge that necessitates a multifaceted approach. (20) From the impacts on ecosystems and communities to the socio-economic consequences, the urgency to address climate change is clear. (21) By acknowledging the interconnectedness of these issues and committing to collective action, we can pave the way for a sustainable and equitable future. (22) The time to act is now, and the choices we make today will shape the world we leave for generations to come.

Where would the following sentence best be placed to provide evidence for the information presented in the third paragraph?

“One recent study conducted by a leading environmental research organization revealed a 30% decline in global biodiversity over the past three decades, underscoring the severe impact of climate change on ecosystems.”

Questions 24–30 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) The urgent need to address climate change arises from the realization that its effects are not only imminent but also pervasive across diverse aspects of our interconnected world. (2) As we witness a rise of approximately 1.98°F (1.1°C) in global temperatures from 1901 to 2020, it is evident that the impacts of climate change extend far beyond temperature increases. (3) Shifts in weather patterns, exemplified by droughts and floods, are reshaping landscapes and challenging the delicate balance of ecosystems.

(4) One of the critical dimensions of climate change is its impact on essential resources and systems that sustain life. (5) Water, a fundamental necessity, is increasingly affected by altered precipitation patterns and the melting of polar ice caps. (6) The consequences extend to agriculture, where changing climate conditions can disrupt traditional growing seasons and threaten food security. (7) Energy production and transportation are also at risk, as extreme weather events disrupt supply chains and infrastructure.

(8) Wildlife faces unprecedented challenges as habitats transform and availability of resources dwindles. (9) Ecosystem stress, giving rise to biodiversity loss and potential cascading effects, accentuates the urgency of addressing climate change and interconnected human health challenges. (10) Human health is intricately intertwined with these environmental shifts, with the spread of diseases and the emergence of new health challenges becoming more prevalent. (11) The vulnerability of marginalized communities to these health impacts is exacerbated by existing socioeconomic disparities, further highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change through an equitable lens.

(12) In facing the challenges posed by climate change, it is crucial to recognize that the future is not predetermined. (13) Solutions abound, and ongoing research continues to unveil innovative strategies to mitigate and adapt to these changes. (14) Experts emphasize the significance of limiting global warming and swiftly transitioning to a zero-emission future. (15) This necessitates investment in cutting-edge technologies and resilient infrastructure, not only as a means to combat climate change but also as a catalyst for economic growth.

(16) A shift towards sustainability and environmental responsibility presents an opportunity for job creation and economic revitalization. (17) Green technologies, renewable energy, and sustainable practices can contribute to a greener and more resilient future. (18) By prioritizing emissions reduction, we not only safeguard the planet but also prioritize the well-being of present and future generations.

(19) In conclusion, climate change is an immediate and intricate challenge that necessitates a multifaceted approach. (20) From the impacts on ecosystems and communities to the socio-economic consequences, the urgency to address climate change is clear. (21) By acknowledging the interconnectedness of these issues and committing to collective action, we can pave the way for a sustainable and equitable future. (22) The time to act is now, and the choices we make today will shape the world we leave for generations to come.

The writer aims to clarify the information in sentence 18 (reproduced below) by changing the underlined text, adjusting the punctuation, and capitalizing as needed.

“The vulnerability of marginalized communities to these health impacts is exacerbated by existing socioeconomic disparities, further highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change through an equitable lens.”

Which of the following versions of the underlined text best achieves this goal?

Questions 24–30 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) The urgent need to address climate change arises from the realization that its effects are not only imminent but also pervasive across diverse aspects of our interconnected world. (2) As we witness a rise of approximately 1.98°F (1.1°C) in global temperatures from 1901 to 2020, it is evident that the impacts of climate change extend far beyond temperature increases. (3) Shifts in weather patterns, exemplified by droughts and floods, are reshaping landscapes and challenging the delicate balance of ecosystems.

(4) One of the critical dimensions of climate change is its impact on essential resources and systems that sustain life. (5) Water, a fundamental necessity, is increasingly affected by altered precipitation patterns and the melting of polar ice caps. (6) The consequences extend to agriculture, where changing climate conditions can disrupt traditional growing seasons and threaten food security. (7) Energy production and transportation are also at risk, as extreme weather events disrupt supply chains and infrastructure.

(8) Wildlife faces unprecedented challenges as habitats transform and availability of resources dwindles. (9) Ecosystem stress, giving rise to biodiversity loss and potential cascading effects, accentuates the urgency of addressing climate change and interconnected human health challenges. (10) Human health is intricately intertwined with these environmental shifts, with the spread of diseases and the emergence of new health challenges becoming more prevalent. (11) The vulnerability of marginalized communities to these health impacts is exacerbated by existing socioeconomic disparities, further highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change through an equitable lens.

(12) In facing the challenges posed by climate change, it is crucial to recognize that the future is not predetermined. (13) Solutions abound, and ongoing research continues to unveil innovative strategies to mitigate and adapt to these changes. (14) Experts emphasize the significance of limiting global warming and swiftly transitioning to a zero-emission future. (15) This necessitates investment in cutting-edge technologies and resilient infrastructure, not only as a means to combat climate change but also as a catalyst for economic growth.

(16) A shift towards sustainability and environmental responsibility presents an opportunity for job creation and economic revitalization. (17) Green technologies, renewable energy, and sustainable practices can contribute to a greener and more resilient future. (18) By prioritizing emissions reduction, we not only safeguard the planet but also prioritize the well-being of present and future generations.

(19) In conclusion, climate change is an immediate and intricate challenge that necessitates a multifaceted approach. (20) From the impacts on ecosystems and communities to the socio-economic consequences, the urgency to address climate change is clear. (21) By acknowledging the interconnectedness of these issues and committing to collective action, we can pave the way for a sustainable and equitable future. (22) The time to act is now, and the choices we make today will shape the world we leave for generations to come.

Which of the following sentences, if placed after sentence 22, would provide the most effective conclusion to the main argument of the passage?

Questions 31–38 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Language and culture are deeply interconnected, each influencing the other in a profound and symbolic manner. (2) The relationship between language and culture is reciprocal, with language serving as a representation of the entire culture in the minds of its speakers. (3) Conversely, culture also encapsulates language, manifesting in the economic, religious, and philosophical systems of a nation. (4) The formation of language is a means of expressing ideas and concepts, and these expressions evolve based on the dominant cultural elements at any given time. (5) The expansion of language triggers changes in culture.

(6) An inherent advantage of human language, as a learned symbolic communication system, lies in its infinite flexibility. (7) The meaning of words can be altered, leading to the creation of new symbolism. (8) For instance, the word “Nice” in contemporary English conveys qualities such as pleasing, agreeable, polite, and kind, whereas in the 15th century, it meant foolish, wanton, lascivious, and wicked. (9) This example underscores the capacity of languages to evolve in response to historical and social conditions.

(10) The United States, characterized by a mosaic of cultures and languages, exemplifies the impact of individual cultures on the overarching American culture. (11) Various words from diverse cultural origins, like “long time no see,” originally translated from Chinese, as well as culinary terms like sushi and tofu, have become integrated into American society. (12) The acceptance and understanding of these adaptations demonstrate their assimilation into the “local” culture.

(13) Culture, defined as a learned system encompassing values, beliefs, and norms within a group, undergoes transformation through influences such as ethnic background, nationality, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation, and religion. (14) Beyond shaping values and habits, culture also exerts influence on language and behavior. (15) Cultural knowledge is indispensable for linguistic proficiency, and the language used can alter the culture of a society.

(16) Over time, language retains old words even if they are no longer culturally relevant, while new words emerge, becoming associated with specific cultural activities. (17) Slang terms evolve with each era, often influenced by factors like television programs, politics, or music, creating distinct “pop languages.” (18) The Beatles and contemporary Hop Pop music exemplify how cultural trends are shaped by language. (19) In essence, language is inherently cultural, and it should be viewed as an integral part of society and its culture.

Which of the following sentences could the writer add before sentence 1 to most effectively introduce the passage?

Questions 31–38 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Language and culture are deeply interconnected, each influencing the other in a profound and symbolic manner. (2) The relationship between language and culture is reciprocal, with language serving as a representation of the entire culture in the minds of its speakers. (3) Conversely, culture also encapsulates language, manifesting in the economic, religious, and philosophical systems of a nation. (4) The formation of language is a means of expressing ideas and concepts, and these expressions evolve based on the dominant cultural elements at any given time. (5) The expansion of language triggers changes in culture.

(6) An inherent advantage of human language, as a learned symbolic communication system, lies in its infinite flexibility. (7) The meaning of words can be altered, leading to the creation of new symbolism. (8) For instance, the word “Nice” in contemporary English conveys qualities such as pleasing, agreeable, polite, and kind, whereas in the 15th century, it meant foolish, wanton, lascivious, and wicked. (9) This example underscores the capacity of languages to evolve in response to historical and social conditions.

(10) The United States, characterized by a mosaic of cultures and languages, exemplifies the impact of individual cultures on the overarching American culture. (11) Various words from diverse cultural origins, like “long time no see,” originally translated from Chinese, as well as culinary terms like sushi and tofu, have become integrated into American society. (12) The acceptance and understanding of these adaptations demonstrate their assimilation into the “local” culture.

(13) Culture, defined as a learned system encompassing values, beliefs, and norms within a group, undergoes transformation through influences such as ethnic background, nationality, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation, and religion. (14) Beyond shaping values and habits, culture also exerts influence on language and behavior. (15) Cultural knowledge is indispensable for linguistic proficiency, and the language used can alter the culture of a society.

(16) Over time, language retains old words even if they are no longer culturally relevant, while new words emerge, becoming associated with specific cultural activities. (17) Slang terms evolve with each era, often influenced by factors like television programs, politics, or music, creating distinct “pop languages.” (18) The Beatles and contemporary Hop Pop music exemplify how cultural trends are shaped by language. (19) In essence, language is inherently cultural, and it should be viewed as an integral part of society and its culture.

The author intends for the text to seem relevant from an anthropological and historical point of view. Which sentence, when added after sentence 15, would facilitate this perspective?

Questions 31–38 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Language and culture are deeply interconnected, each influencing the other in a profound and symbolic manner. (2) The relationship between language and culture is reciprocal, with language serving as a representation of the entire culture in the minds of its speakers. (3) Conversely, culture also encapsulates language, manifesting in the economic, religious, and philosophical systems of a nation. (4) The formation of language is a means of expressing ideas and concepts, and these expressions evolve based on the dominant cultural elements at any given time. (5) The expansion of language triggers changes in culture.

(6) An inherent advantage of human language, as a learned symbolic communication system, lies in its infinite flexibility. (7) The meaning of words can be altered, leading to the creation of new symbolism. (8) For instance, the word “Nice” in contemporary English conveys qualities such as pleasing, agreeable, polite, and kind, whereas in the 15th century, it meant foolish, wanton, lascivious, and wicked. (9) This example underscores the capacity of languages to evolve in response to historical and social conditions.

(10) The United States, characterized by a mosaic of cultures and languages, exemplifies the impact of individual cultures on the overarching American culture. (11) Various words from diverse cultural origins, like “long time no see,” originally translated from Chinese, as well as culinary terms like sushi and tofu, have become integrated into American society. (12) The acceptance and understanding of these adaptations demonstrate their assimilation into the “local” culture.

(13) Culture, defined as a learned system encompassing values, beliefs, and norms within a group, undergoes transformation through influences such as ethnic background, nationality, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation, and religion. (14) Beyond shaping values and habits, culture also exerts influence on language and behavior. (15) Cultural knowledge is indispensable for linguistic proficiency, and the language used can alter the culture of a society.

(16) Over time, language retains old words even if they are no longer culturally relevant, while new words emerge, becoming associated with specific cultural activities. (17) Slang terms evolve with each era, often influenced by factors like television programs, politics, or music, creating distinct “pop languages.” (18) The Beatles and contemporary Hop Pop music exemplify how cultural trends are shaped by language. (19) In essence, language is inherently cultural, and it should be viewed as an integral part of society and its culture.

In sentence 12 (reproduced below), the writer is considering deleting the underlined text.

“The acceptance and understanding of these adaptations demonstrate their assimilation into the ‘local’ culture.”

Should the writer keep or delete the underlined text?

Questions 31–38 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Language and culture are deeply interconnected, each influencing the other in a profound and symbolic manner. (2) The relationship between language and culture is reciprocal, with language serving as a representation of the entire culture in the minds of its speakers. (3) Conversely, culture also encapsulates language, manifesting in the economic, religious, and philosophical systems of a nation. (4) The formation of language is a means of expressing ideas and concepts, and these expressions evolve based on the dominant cultural elements at any given time. (5) The expansion of language triggers changes in culture.

(6) An inherent advantage of human language, as a learned symbolic communication system, lies in its infinite flexibility. (7) The meaning of words can be altered, leading to the creation of new symbolism. (8) For instance, the word “Nice” in contemporary English conveys qualities such as pleasing, agreeable, polite, and kind, whereas in the 15th century, it meant foolish, wanton, lascivious, and wicked. (9) This example underscores the capacity of languages to evolve in response to historical and social conditions.

(10) The United States, characterized by a mosaic of cultures and languages, exemplifies the impact of individual cultures on the overarching American culture. (11) Various words from diverse cultural origins, like “long time no see,” originally translated from Chinese, as well as culinary terms like sushi and tofu, have become integrated into American society. (12) The acceptance and understanding of these adaptations demonstrate their assimilation into the “local” culture.

(13) Culture, defined as a learned system encompassing values, beliefs, and norms within a group, undergoes transformation through influences such as ethnic background, nationality, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation, and religion. (14) Beyond shaping values and habits, culture also exerts influence on language and behavior. (15) Cultural knowledge is indispensable for linguistic proficiency, and the language used can alter the culture of a society.

(16) Over time, language retains old words even if they are no longer culturally relevant, while new words emerge, becoming associated with specific cultural activities. (17) Slang terms evolve with each era, often influenced by factors like television programs, politics, or music, creating distinct “pop languages.” (18) The Beatles and contemporary Hop Pop music exemplify how cultural trends are shaped by language. (19) In essence, language is inherently cultural, and it should be viewed as an integral part of society and its culture.

In sentence 17 (reproduced below), the writer wants to modify the underlined text to introduce an argument supported by evidence within the paragraph.

“Slang terms evolve with each era, often influenced by factors like television programs, politics, or music, creating distinct “pop languages”.”

Which of the following versions of the underlined text best accomplishes this goal?

Questions 31–38 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Language and culture are deeply interconnected, each influencing the other in a profound and symbolic manner. (2) The relationship between language and culture is reciprocal, with language serving as a representation of the entire culture in the minds of its speakers. (3) Conversely, culture also encapsulates language, manifesting in the economic, religious, and philosophical systems of a nation. (4) The formation of language is a means of expressing ideas and concepts, and these expressions evolve based on the dominant cultural elements at any given time. (5) The expansion of language triggers changes in culture.

(6) An inherent advantage of human language, as a learned symbolic communication system, lies in its infinite flexibility. (7) The meaning of words can be altered, leading to the creation of new symbolism. (8) For instance, the word “Nice” in contemporary English conveys qualities such as pleasing, agreeable, polite, and kind, whereas in the 15th century, it meant foolish, wanton, lascivious, and wicked. (9) This example underscores the capacity of languages to evolve in response to historical and social conditions.

(10) The United States, characterized by a mosaic of cultures and languages, exemplifies the impact of individual cultures on the overarching American culture. (11) Various words from diverse cultural origins, like “long time no see,” originally translated from Chinese, as well as culinary terms like sushi and tofu, have become integrated into American society. (12) The acceptance and understanding of these adaptations demonstrate their assimilation into the “local” culture.

(13) Culture, defined as a learned system encompassing values, beliefs, and norms within a group, undergoes transformation through influences such as ethnic background, nationality, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation, and religion. (14) Beyond shaping values and habits, culture also exerts influence on language and behavior. (15) Cultural knowledge is indispensable for linguistic proficiency, and the language used can alter the culture of a society.

(16) Over time, language retains old words even if they are no longer culturally relevant, while new words emerge, becoming associated with specific cultural activities. (17) Slang terms evolve with each era, often influenced by factors like television programs, politics, or music, creating distinct “pop languages.” (18) The Beatles and contemporary Hop Pop music exemplify how cultural trends are shaped by language. (19) In essence, language is inherently cultural, and it should be viewed as an integral part of society and its culture.

The writer wants to add more information after sentence 14 to support the main argument. All of the following pieces of evidence help achieve this purpose EXCEPT which one?

Questions 31–38 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Language and culture are deeply interconnected, each influencing the other in a profound and symbolic manner. (2) The relationship between language and culture is reciprocal, with language serving as a representation of the entire culture in the minds of its speakers. (3) Conversely, culture also encapsulates language, manifesting in the economic, religious, and philosophical systems of a nation. (4) The formation of language is a means of expressing ideas and concepts, and these expressions evolve based on the dominant cultural elements at any given time. (5) The expansion of language triggers changes in culture.

(6) An inherent advantage of human language, as a learned symbolic communication system, lies in its infinite flexibility. (7) The meaning of words can be altered, leading to the creation of new symbolism. (8) For instance, the word “Nice” in contemporary English conveys qualities such as pleasing, agreeable, polite, and kind, whereas in the 15th century, it meant foolish, wanton, lascivious, and wicked. (9) This example underscores the capacity of languages to evolve in response to historical and social conditions.

(10) The United States, characterized by a mosaic of cultures and languages, exemplifies the impact of individual cultures on the overarching American culture. (11) Various words from diverse cultural origins, like “long time no see,” originally translated from Chinese, as well as culinary terms like sushi and tofu, have become integrated into American society. (12) The acceptance and understanding of these adaptations demonstrate their assimilation into the “local” culture.

(13) Culture, defined as a learned system encompassing values, beliefs, and norms within a group, undergoes transformation through influences such as ethnic background, nationality, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation, and religion. (14) Beyond shaping values and habits, culture also exerts influence on language and behavior. (15) Cultural knowledge is indispensable for linguistic proficiency, and the language used can alter the culture of a society.

(16) Over time, language retains old words even if they are no longer culturally relevant, while new words emerge, becoming associated with specific cultural activities. (17) Slang terms evolve with each era, often influenced by factors like television programs, politics, or music, creating distinct “pop languages.” (18) The Beatles and contemporary Hop Pop music exemplify how cultural trends are shaped by language. (19) In essence, language is inherently cultural, and it should be viewed as an integral part of society and its culture.

The writer wants to add the following sentence to paragraph 5 (sentences 16–19) to further elaborate on the connection between language and culture:

“Furthermore, the evolution of language not only reflects cultural shifts but also preserves historical elements, acting as a linguistic repository that mirrors the societal changes over time.”

Where would the sentence be most effective?

Questions 31–38 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Language and culture are deeply interconnected, each influencing the other in a profound and symbolic manner. (2) The relationship between language and culture is reciprocal, with language serving as a representation of the entire culture in the minds of its speakers. (3) Conversely, culture also encapsulates language, manifesting in the economic, religious, and philosophical systems of a nation. (4) The formation of language is a means of expressing ideas and concepts, and these expressions evolve based on the dominant cultural elements at any given time. (5) The expansion of language triggers changes in culture.

(6) An inherent advantage of human language, as a learned symbolic communication system, lies in its infinite flexibility. (7) The meaning of words can be altered, leading to the creation of new symbolism. (8) For instance, the word “Nice” in contemporary English conveys qualities such as pleasing, agreeable, polite, and kind, whereas in the 15th century, it meant foolish, wanton, lascivious, and wicked. (9) This example underscores the capacity of languages to evolve in response to historical and social conditions.

(10) The United States, characterized by a mosaic of cultures and languages, exemplifies the impact of individual cultures on the overarching American culture. (11) Various words from diverse cultural origins, like “long time no see,” originally translated from Chinese, as well as culinary terms like sushi and tofu, have become integrated into American society. (12) The acceptance and understanding of these adaptations demonstrate their assimilation into the “local” culture.

(13) Culture, defined as a learned system encompassing values, beliefs, and norms within a group, undergoes transformation through influences such as ethnic background, nationality, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation, and religion. (14) Beyond shaping values and habits, culture also exerts influence on language and behavior. (15) Cultural knowledge is indispensable for linguistic proficiency, and the language used can alter the culture of a society.

(16) Over time, language retains old words even if they are no longer culturally relevant, while new words emerge, becoming associated with specific cultural activities. (17) Slang terms evolve with each era, often influenced by factors like television programs, politics, or music, creating distinct “pop languages.” (18) The Beatles and contemporary Hop Pop music exemplify how cultural trends are shaped by language. (19) In essence, language is inherently cultural, and it should be viewed as an integral part of society and its culture.

The writer is considering modifying sentence 13 (reproduced below) to eliminate the underlined parenthetical phrase.

“Culture, defined as a learned system encompassing values, beliefs, and norms within a group, undergoes transformation through influences such as ethnic background, nationality, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation, and religion.“

Should the writer eliminate the underlined text?

Questions 31–38 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Language and culture are deeply interconnected, each influencing the other in a profound and symbolic manner. (2) The relationship between language and culture is reciprocal, with language serving as a representation of the entire culture in the minds of its speakers. (3) Conversely, culture also encapsulates language, manifesting in the economic, religious, and philosophical systems of a nation. (4) The formation of language is a means of expressing ideas and concepts, and these expressions evolve based on the dominant cultural elements at any given time. (5) The expansion of language triggers changes in culture.

(6) An inherent advantage of human language, as a learned symbolic communication system, lies in its infinite flexibility. (7) The meaning of words can be altered, leading to the creation of new symbolism. (8) For instance, the word “Nice” in contemporary English conveys qualities such as pleasing, agreeable, polite, and kind, whereas in the 15th century, it meant foolish, wanton, lascivious, and wicked. (9) This example underscores the capacity of languages to evolve in response to historical and social conditions.

(10) The United States, characterized by a mosaic of cultures and languages, exemplifies the impact of individual cultures on the overarching American culture. (11) Various words from diverse cultural origins, like “long time no see,” originally translated from Chinese, as well as culinary terms like sushi and tofu, have become integrated into American society. (12) The acceptance and understanding of these adaptations demonstrate their assimilation into the “local” culture.

(13) Culture, defined as a learned system encompassing values, beliefs, and norms within a group, undergoes transformation through influences such as ethnic background, nationality, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation, and religion. (14) Beyond shaping values and habits, culture also exerts influence on language and behavior. (15) Cultural knowledge is indispensable for linguistic proficiency, and the language used can alter the culture of a society.

(16) Over time, language retains old words even if they are no longer culturally relevant, while new words emerge, becoming associated with specific cultural activities. (17) Slang terms evolve with each era, often influenced by factors like television programs, politics, or music, creating distinct “pop languages.” (18) The Beatles and contemporary Hop Pop music exemplify how cultural trends are shaped by language. (19) In essence, language is inherently cultural, and it should be viewed as an integral part of society and its culture.

In sentence 12 (reproduced below), the writer wants to more effectively convey the integration of various cultural elements into the idea of “local” culture.

“The acceptance and understanding of these adaptations demonstrate their assimilation into the “local” culture.”

Which version of the underlined text best accomplishes this goal?

Questions 39–45 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Income and wealth inequality in the United States surpasses that of nearly all other developed nations and is experiencing a notable upward trajectory, leading to a heightened national discourse. (2) The 2008 global financial crisis, the sluggish and uneven recovery, and the economic upheaval caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have compounded these trends, presenting a formidable challenge for policymakers.

(3) Economists posit that the roots of deepening inequality are intricate, encompassing failures to adapt to globalization and technological shifts, shifts in tax policies, diminished bargaining power for workers, and longstanding discrimination based on race and gender. (4) The repercussions of this inequality are diverse, exacerbating crises like the pandemic and intensifying societal divisions. (5) Furthermore, inequality can undermine democracy and give rise to authoritarian movements. (6) President Joe Biden has committed to reducing economic inequality through increased social spending funded by higher taxes on the affluent and corporations, but faces opposition from those who believe his plans go too far.

(7) Experts contend that inequality acts as a drag on economic growth and contributes to political dysfunction. (8) The concentration of income and wealth diminishes demand in the economy, as affluent households tend to spend less than their less affluent counterparts, a phenomenon observed in various economic studies. (9) Limited opportunities for low-income households can also impede economic prosperity. (10) Economist Joseph Stiglitz notes, “When those at the bottom of the income distribution are at great risk of not living up to their potential, the economy pays a price not only with weaker demand today but also with lower growth in the future.”

(11) Nevertheless, some experts argue that the negative impacts of inequality are overstated. (12) Analysts at the libertarian Cato Institute assert that focusing on poverty makes more sense, as inequality is inconsequential as long as everyone is improving. (13) They also contend that entrepreneurship indeed benefits society overall, even if it results in wealth accumulation for some individuals. (14) While the overall poverty rate in the United States fell significantly between 1959 and 1969, it has since fluctuated around 12.5 percent.

(15) Harvard University economist Raj Chetty’s extensive research on social mobility reveals significant variations across the United States. (16) While some affluent cities exhibit high mobility comparable to countries like Denmark and Canada, children in certain lower-income areas have less than a 5 percent chance of reaching the top fifth of the income distribution when starting from the bottom fifth. (17) Economic mobility in the United States lags behind that of many other developed countries, which some experts argue hampers U.S. economic growth, as highlighted in a 2016 Stanford University study.

In sentence 8 (reproduced below), the writer is considering deleting the underlined text.

“The concentration of income and wealth diminishes demand in the economy, as affluent households tend to spend less than their less affluent counterparts, a phenomenon observed in various economic studies.“

Should the writer keep or delete the underlined text?

Questions 39–45 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Income and wealth inequality in the United States surpasses that of nearly all other developed nations and is experiencing a notable upward trajectory, leading to a heightened national discourse. (2) The 2008 global financial crisis, the sluggish and uneven recovery, and the economic upheaval caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have compounded these trends, presenting a formidable challenge for policymakers.

(3) Economists posit that the roots of deepening inequality are intricate, encompassing failures to adapt to globalization and technological shifts, shifts in tax policies, diminished bargaining power for workers, and longstanding discrimination based on race and gender. (4) The repercussions of this inequality are diverse, exacerbating crises like the pandemic and intensifying societal divisions. (5) Furthermore, inequality can undermine democracy and give rise to authoritarian movements. (6) President Joe Biden has committed to reducing economic inequality through increased social spending funded by higher taxes on the affluent and corporations, but faces opposition from those who believe his plans go too far.

(7) Experts contend that inequality acts as a drag on economic growth and contributes to political dysfunction. (8) The concentration of income and wealth diminishes demand in the economy, as affluent households tend to spend less than their less affluent counterparts, a phenomenon observed in various economic studies. (9) Limited opportunities for low-income households can also impede economic prosperity. (10) Economist Joseph Stiglitz notes, “When those at the bottom of the income distribution are at great risk of not living up to their potential, the economy pays a price not only with weaker demand today but also with lower growth in the future.”

(11) Nevertheless, some experts argue that the negative impacts of inequality are overstated. (12) Analysts at the libertarian Cato Institute assert that focusing on poverty makes more sense, as inequality is inconsequential as long as everyone is improving. (13) They also contend that entrepreneurship indeed benefits society overall, even if it results in wealth accumulation for some individuals. (14) While the overall poverty rate in the United States fell significantly between 1959 and 1969, it has since fluctuated around 12.5 percent.

(15) Harvard University economist Raj Chetty’s extensive research on social mobility reveals significant variations across the United States. (16) While some affluent cities exhibit high mobility comparable to countries like Denmark and Canada, children in certain lower-income areas have less than a 5 percent chance of reaching the top fifth of the income distribution when starting from the bottom fifth. (17) Economic mobility in the United States lags behind that of many other developed countries, which some experts argue hampers U.S. economic growth, as highlighted in a 2016 Stanford University study.

In sentence 16 (reproduced below), which version of the underlined text best emphasizes the geographical disparity in social mobility in the United States?

“While some affluent cities exhibit high mobility comparable to countries like Denmark and Canada, children in certain lower-income areas have less than a 5 percent chance of reaching the top fifth of the income distribution when starting from the bottom fifth.”

Questions 39–45 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Income and wealth inequality in the United States surpasses that of nearly all other developed nations and is experiencing a notable upward trajectory, leading to a heightened national discourse. (2) The 2008 global financial crisis, the sluggish and uneven recovery, and the economic upheaval caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have compounded these trends, presenting a formidable challenge for policymakers.

(3) Economists posit that the roots of deepening inequality are intricate, encompassing failures to adapt to globalization and technological shifts, shifts in tax policies, diminished bargaining power for workers, and longstanding discrimination based on race and gender. (4) The repercussions of this inequality are diverse, exacerbating crises like the pandemic and intensifying societal divisions. (5) Furthermore, inequality can undermine democracy and give rise to authoritarian movements. (6) President Joe Biden has committed to reducing economic inequality through increased social spending funded by higher taxes on the affluent and corporations, but faces opposition from those who believe his plans go too far.

(7) Experts contend that inequality acts as a drag on economic growth and contributes to political dysfunction. (8) The concentration of income and wealth diminishes demand in the economy, as affluent households tend to spend less than their less affluent counterparts, a phenomenon observed in various economic studies. (9) Limited opportunities for low-income households can also impede economic prosperity. (10) Economist Joseph Stiglitz notes, “When those at the bottom of the income distribution are at great risk of not living up to their potential, the economy pays a price not only with weaker demand today but also with lower growth in the future.”

(11) Nevertheless, some experts argue that the negative impacts of inequality are overstated. (12) Analysts at the libertarian Cato Institute assert that focusing on poverty makes more sense, as inequality is inconsequential as long as everyone is improving. (13) They also contend that entrepreneurship indeed benefits society overall, even if it results in wealth accumulation for some individuals. (14) While the overall poverty rate in the United States fell significantly between 1959 and 1969, it has since fluctuated around 12.5 percent.

(15) Harvard University economist Raj Chetty’s extensive research on social mobility reveals significant variations across the United States. (16) While some affluent cities exhibit high mobility comparable to countries like Denmark and Canada, children in certain lower-income areas have less than a 5 percent chance of reaching the top fifth of the income distribution when starting from the bottom fifth. (17) Economic mobility in the United States lags behind that of many other developed countries, which some experts argue hampers U.S. economic growth, as highlighted in a 2016 Stanford University study.

In sentence 13 (reproduced below), the writer wants to revise the underlined text to more effectively emphasize the positive aspects of entrepreneurship.

“They also contend that entrepreneurship indeed benefits society overall, even if it results in wealth accumulation for some individuals.”

Questions 39–45 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Income and wealth inequality in the United States surpasses that of nearly all other developed nations and is experiencing a notable upward trajectory, leading to a heightened national discourse. (2) The 2008 global financial crisis, the sluggish and uneven recovery, and the economic upheaval caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have compounded these trends, presenting a formidable challenge for policymakers.

(3) Economists posit that the roots of deepening inequality are intricate, encompassing failures to adapt to globalization and technological shifts, shifts in tax policies, diminished bargaining power for workers, and longstanding discrimination based on race and gender. (4) The repercussions of this inequality are diverse, exacerbating crises like the pandemic and intensifying societal divisions. (5) Furthermore, inequality can undermine democracy and give rise to authoritarian movements. (6) President Joe Biden has committed to reducing economic inequality through increased social spending funded by higher taxes on the affluent and corporations, but faces opposition from those who believe his plans go too far.

(7) Experts contend that inequality acts as a drag on economic growth and contributes to political dysfunction. (8) The concentration of income and wealth diminishes demand in the economy, as affluent households tend to spend less than their less affluent counterparts, a phenomenon observed in various economic studies. (9) Limited opportunities for low-income households can also impede economic prosperity. (10) Economist Joseph Stiglitz notes, “When those at the bottom of the income distribution are at great risk of not living up to their potential, the economy pays a price not only with weaker demand today but also with lower growth in the future.”

(11) Nevertheless, some experts argue that the negative impacts of inequality are overstated. (12) Analysts at the libertarian Cato Institute assert that focusing on poverty makes more sense, as inequality is inconsequential as long as everyone is improving. (13) They also contend that entrepreneurship indeed benefits society overall, even if it results in wealth accumulation for some individuals. (14) While the overall poverty rate in the United States fell significantly between 1959 and 1969, it has since fluctuated around 12.5 percent.

(15) Harvard University economist Raj Chetty’s extensive research on social mobility reveals significant variations across the United States. (16) While some affluent cities exhibit high mobility comparable to countries like Denmark and Canada, children in certain lower-income areas have less than a 5 percent chance of reaching the top fifth of the income distribution when starting from the bottom fifth. (17) Economic mobility in the United States lags behind that of many other developed countries, which some experts argue hampers U.S. economic growth, as highlighted in a 2016 Stanford University study.

The writer aims to integrate the following statement into the discussion of income and wealth inequality to reinforce the main argument:

“Because income is a significant, well-documented determinant of health, the effects of low income and income inequality are reflected in population health.” (Income and Income Inequality Are a Matter of Life and Death. What Can Policymakers Do About It?, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8489635/)

Where would this statement be most effective?

Questions 39–45 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Income and wealth inequality in the United States surpasses that of nearly all other developed nations and is experiencing a notable upward trajectory, leading to a heightened national discourse. (2) The 2008 global financial crisis, the sluggish and uneven recovery, and the economic upheaval caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have compounded these trends, presenting a formidable challenge for policymakers.

(3) Economists posit that the roots of deepening inequality are intricate, encompassing failures to adapt to globalization and technological shifts, shifts in tax policies, diminished bargaining power for workers, and longstanding discrimination based on race and gender. (4) The repercussions of this inequality are diverse, exacerbating crises like the pandemic and intensifying societal divisions. (5) Furthermore, inequality can undermine democracy and give rise to authoritarian movements. (6) President Joe Biden has committed to reducing economic inequality through increased social spending funded by higher taxes on the affluent and corporations, but faces opposition from those who believe his plans go too far.

(7) Experts contend that inequality acts as a drag on economic growth and contributes to political dysfunction. (8) The concentration of income and wealth diminishes demand in the economy, as affluent households tend to spend less than their less affluent counterparts, a phenomenon observed in various economic studies. (9) Limited opportunities for low-income households can also impede economic prosperity. (10) Economist Joseph Stiglitz notes, “When those at the bottom of the income distribution are at great risk of not living up to their potential, the economy pays a price not only with weaker demand today but also with lower growth in the future.”

(11) Nevertheless, some experts argue that the negative impacts of inequality are overstated. (12) Analysts at the libertarian Cato Institute assert that focusing on poverty makes more sense, as inequality is inconsequential as long as everyone is improving. (13) They also contend that entrepreneurship indeed benefits society overall, even if it results in wealth accumulation for some individuals. (14) While the overall poverty rate in the United States fell significantly between 1959 and 1969, it has since fluctuated around 12.5 percent.

(15) Harvard University economist Raj Chetty’s extensive research on social mobility reveals significant variations across the United States. (16) While some affluent cities exhibit high mobility comparable to countries like Denmark and Canada, children in certain lower-income areas have less than a 5 percent chance of reaching the top fifth of the income distribution when starting from the bottom fifth. (17) Economic mobility in the United States lags behind that of many other developed countries, which some experts argue hampers U.S. economic growth, as highlighted in a 2016 Stanford University study.

The writer wants to add a word or phrase at the beginning of sentence 17 (reproduced below), adjusting the punctuation as needed, to more effectively connect the ideas in sentence 17 to the preceding sentences.

“Economic mobility in the United States lags behind that of many other developed countries, which some experts argue hampers U.S. economic growth, as highlighted in a 2016 Stanford University study.”

Which of the following words or phrases best accomplishes this goal?

Questions 39–45 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Income and wealth inequality in the United States surpasses that of nearly all other developed nations and is experiencing a notable upward trajectory, leading to a heightened national discourse. (2) The 2008 global financial crisis, the sluggish and uneven recovery, and the economic upheaval caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have compounded these trends, presenting a formidable challenge for policymakers.

(3) Economists posit that the roots of deepening inequality are intricate, encompassing failures to adapt to globalization and technological shifts, shifts in tax policies, diminished bargaining power for workers, and longstanding discrimination based on race and gender. (4) The repercussions of this inequality are diverse, exacerbating crises like the pandemic and intensifying societal divisions. (5) Furthermore, inequality can undermine democracy and give rise to authoritarian movements. (6) President Joe Biden has committed to reducing economic inequality through increased social spending funded by higher taxes on the affluent and corporations, but faces opposition from those who believe his plans go too far.

(7) Experts contend that inequality acts as a drag on economic growth and contributes to political dysfunction. (8) The concentration of income and wealth diminishes demand in the economy, as affluent households tend to spend less than their less affluent counterparts, a phenomenon observed in various economic studies. (9) Limited opportunities for low-income households can also impede economic prosperity. (10) Economist Joseph Stiglitz notes, “When those at the bottom of the income distribution are at great risk of not living up to their potential, the economy pays a price not only with weaker demand today but also with lower growth in the future.”

(11) Nevertheless, some experts argue that the negative impacts of inequality are overstated. (12) Analysts at the libertarian Cato Institute assert that focusing on poverty makes more sense, as inequality is inconsequential as long as everyone is improving. (13) They also contend that entrepreneurship indeed benefits society overall, even if it results in wealth accumulation for some individuals. (14) While the overall poverty rate in the United States fell significantly between 1959 and 1969, it has since fluctuated around 12.5 percent.

(15) Harvard University economist Raj Chetty’s extensive research on social mobility reveals significant variations across the United States. (16) While some affluent cities exhibit high mobility comparable to countries like Denmark and Canada, children in certain lower-income areas have less than a 5 percent chance of reaching the top fifth of the income distribution when starting from the bottom fifth. (17) Economic mobility in the United States lags behind that of many other developed countries, which some experts argue hampers U.S. economic growth, as highlighted in a 2016 Stanford University study.

The writer wants to make a comparison in the fifth paragraph (sentences 15–17) to strengthen the reader’s understanding of the main argument. Which comparison would most effectively achieve this goal?

Questions 39–45 refer to the passage below.

The passage below is a draft.

(1) Income and wealth inequality in the United States surpasses that of nearly all other developed nations and is experiencing a notable upward trajectory, leading to a heightened national discourse. (2) The 2008 global financial crisis, the sluggish and uneven recovery, and the economic upheaval caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have compounded these trends, presenting a formidable challenge for policymakers.

(3) Economists posit that the roots of deepening inequality are intricate, encompassing failures to adapt to globalization and technological shifts, shifts in tax policies, diminished bargaining power for workers, and longstanding discrimination based on race and gender. (4) The repercussions of this inequality are diverse, exacerbating crises like the pandemic and intensifying societal divisions. (5) Furthermore, inequality can undermine democracy and give rise to authoritarian movements. (6) President Joe Biden has committed to reducing economic inequality through increased social spending funded by higher taxes on the affluent and corporations, but faces opposition from those who believe his plans go too far.

(7) Experts contend that inequality acts as a drag on economic growth and contributes to political dysfunction. (8) The concentration of income and wealth diminishes demand in the economy, as affluent households tend to spend less than their less affluent counterparts, a phenomenon observed in various economic studies. (9) Limited opportunities for low-income households can also impede economic prosperity. (10) Economist Joseph Stiglitz notes, “When those at the bottom of the income distribution are at great risk of not living up to their potential, the economy pays a price not only with weaker demand today but also with lower growth in the future.”

(11) Nevertheless, some experts argue that the negative impacts of inequality are overstated. (12) Analysts at the libertarian Cato Institute assert that focusing on poverty makes more sense, as inequality is inconsequential as long as everyone is improving. (13) They also contend that entrepreneurship indeed benefits society overall, even if it results in wealth accumulation for some individuals. (14) While the overall poverty rate in the United States fell significantly between 1959 and 1969, it has since fluctuated around 12.5 percent.

(15) Harvard University economist Raj Chetty’s extensive research on social mobility reveals significant variations across the United States. (16) While some affluent cities exhibit high mobility comparable to countries like Denmark and Canada, children in certain lower-income areas have less than a 5 percent chance of reaching the top fifth of the income distribution when starting from the bottom fifth. (17) Economic mobility in the United States lags behind that of many other developed countries, which some experts argue hampers U.S. economic growth, as highlighted in a 2016 Stanford University study.

In the second paragraph (sentences 3–4), the writer aims to emphasize the complex roots of deepening inequality. Which of the following pieces of evidence would best achieve this goal?